Fomula ya mthunzi wa chinthu pogwiritsa ntchito galasi lozungulira lozungulira
Pegantar
Galasi lozungulira lozungulira ndi galasi lomwe pamwamba pake limazungulira kunja, monga kunja kwa bwalo. Galasi lamtunduwu limagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana tsiku ndi tsiku, monga m'magalasi owonera kumbuyo kwa galimoto ndi magalasi achitetezo m'masitolo. M'nkhaniyi, tikambirana momwe galasi lozungulira lozungulira limagwirira ntchito, njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa chithunzi cha chinthu chopangidwa ndi galasili, ndi zitsanzo zina za mawerengedwe ndi ntchito zothandiza.
Mfundo Zoyambira za Magalasi Ozungulira Ozungulira
Galasi lozungulira lozungulira limakhala ndi khalidwe lowonetsa kuwala pamwamba pake mosiyanasiyana. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kuwala komwe kumawonetsedwa kuchokera pagalasili kudzafalikira kunja. Komabe, ngati tiwonjezera kuwala komwe kumawonetsedwa kumbuyo, kudzawoneka ngati kumachokera ku mfundo imodzi yotchedwa focal point (F) kumbuyo kwa galasi. Focal point iyi ndi malo omwe kuwala komwe kukubwera kumawonekera kukumana pambuyo poti kwawonetsedwa ndi galasi.
Makhalidwe a chithunzi chopangidwa ndi galasi lozungulira:
1. Chithunzi chenicheni: Chithunzicho chimapangidwa kumbuyo kwa galasi ndipo sichingajambulidwe pazenera.
2. Chithunzi chowongoka: Chithunzi chomwe chatulukacho chimakhala chowongoka ngati chinthu choyambirira.
3. Chithunzi chochepetsedwa: Kukula kwa chithunzicho ndi kochepa kuposa kukula kwenikweni kwa chinthucho.
Fomula Yozungulira Galasi
Njira yaikulu yogwiritsira ntchito kusanthula chithunzicho pogwiritsa ntchito galasi lozungulira lozungulira ndi njira yowonera galasi, yomwe imanenedwa motere:
\[ \frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{d_o} + \frac{1}{d_i} \]
Kumene:
– \( f \) ndi kutalika kwa galasi (kusiyana kwa galasi lozungulira).
– \( d_o \) ndi mtunda wa chinthucho kuchokera pagalasi (chabwino ngati chinthucho chili patsogolo pagalasi).
– \( d_i \) ndi mtunda wa chithunzi kuchokera pagalasi (wosayenerera pagalasi lopindika chifukwa chithunzicho chimapangidwa kumbuyo kwa galasi).
Kuphatikiza apo, timagwiritsanso ntchito njira yowonjezerera chithunzi yomwe imanenedwa motere:
\[ M = – \frac{d_i}{d_o} = \frac{h_i}{h_o} \]
Kumene:
– \( M \) ndi kukula kwa chithunzi (choyipa pa chithunzi choyima).
– \( h_i \) ndi kutalika kwa chithunzicho.
– \( h_o \) ndi kutalika kwa chinthucho.
Chitsanzo cha Kuwerengera
Tiyeni tiwone zitsanzo zina kuti timvetse momwe tingagwiritsire ntchito njira yowonera galasi lozungulira.
Chitsanzo 1: Kudziwa Mtunda wa Mthunzi
Tiyerekeze kuti tili ndi chinthu chomwe chayikidwa 30 cm patsogolo pa galasi lopindika lomwe lili ndi kutalika kwa -20 cm. Tikufuna kudziwa mtunda wa chithunzicho kuchokera pagalasi.
Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yowonera galasi:
\[ \frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{d_o} + \frac{1}{d_i} \]
\[ \frac{1}{-20} = \frac{1}{30} + \frac{1}{d_i} \]
Masitepe owerengera:
1. Werengerani \( \frac{1}{30} \):
\[ \frac{1}{30} \pafupifupi 0.0333 \]
2. Sinthani mfundo izi mu fomula iyi:
\[ \frac{1}{-20} = 0.0333 + \frac{1}{d_i} \]
3. Kudzipatula \( \frac{1}{d_i} \):
\[ \frac{1}{d_i} = \frac{1}{-20} – 0.0333 \]
\[ \frac{1}{d_i} \pafupifupi -0.05 – 0.0333 \]
\[ \frac{1}{d_i} \pafupifupi -0.0833 \]
4. Pezani \( d_i \):
\[ d_i \pafupifupi \frac{1}{-0.0833} \]
\[ d_i \pafupifupi -12 \, \malemba{cm} \]
Kotero, chithunzicho chimapangidwa masentimita 12 kumbuyo kwa galasi (zolakwika zimasonyeza kuti chithunzicho chili kumbuyo kwa galasi).
Chitsanzo 2: Kudziwa Kutalika kwa Mthunzi
Ngati kutalika kwa chinthucho ( \( h_o \) ) ndi 10 cm ndipo tikudziwa kale mtunda wa chithunzi ( \( d_i \) ) ndi -12 cm kuchokera pachitsanzo chapitacho, titha kudziwa kutalika kwa chithunzicho pogwiritsa ntchito njira yowonjezerera.
Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yowonjezera:
\[ M = – \frac{d_i}{d_o} = \frac{h_i}{h_o} \]
\[ M = – \frac{-12}{30} \]
\[ M = 0.4 \]
Kotero, kukula kwake ndi 0.4. Kenako, timawerengera kutalika kwa chithunzicho:
\[ \frac{h_i}{h_o} = 0.4 \]
\[ h_i = 0.4 \nthawi 10 \]
\[ h_i = 4 \, \malemba{cm} \]
Kutalika kwa mthunzi ndi 4 cm, kakang'ono kuposa kutalika kwa chinthucho komanso koyima.
Mapulogalamu a Convex Mirror
Magalasi ozungulira ali ndi ntchito zambiri zothandiza chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo apadera omwe amawapangitsa kukhala othandiza kwambiri pazochitika zosiyanasiyana:
1. Galasi Lowonera Kumbuyo kwa Galimoto
Magalasi ozungulira amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magalasi owonera kumbuyo kwa galimoto kuti apereke mawonekedwe ambiri a malo omwe ali kumbuyo ndi m'mbali mwa galimotoyo. Izi zimathandiza oyendetsa galimoto kuona bwino malo omwe ali pafupi, kuchepetsa malo osawoneka bwino, komanso kukonza chitetezo choyendetsa galimoto.
2. Galasi Loyang'anira
M'masitolo ndi m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri, magalasi ozungulira nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati magalasi owonera kuti akulitse malo owonera. Izi zimathandiza kuyang'anira ndi kupewa kuba mwa kupereka mawonekedwe abwino a malo ambiri.
3. Periscope
Ma Periscope omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabwato a pansi pamadzi ndi zida zina zowunikira nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito magalasi ozungulira kuti awonjezere mawonekedwe a wogwiritsa ntchito ndikuwathandiza kuwona zinthu zomwe sizikuwoneka mwachindunji.
4. Zida Zowunikira
Zipangizo zina zowunikira monga ma telescope ndi ma microscope zimagwiritsa ntchito magalasi ozungulira m'makina awo kuti zisinthe ndikukulitsa chithunzi cha chinthu.
Mapeto
Magalasi ozungulira ndi zida zofunika kwambiri zowunikira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Kumvetsetsa njira zoyambira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira chithunzi chopangidwa ndi magalasi awa ndikofunikira kwambiri m'magawo ambiri, kuyambira pakupanga magalimoto mpaka kuyang'anira chitetezo. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yowunikira magalasi ndi kukula, titha kudziwa malo, kukula, ndi mtundu wa chithunzi chopangidwa ndi galasi lozungulira. Makhalidwe apadera a magalasi awa, monga kuthekera kwawo kupereka mawonekedwe ambiri ndi zithunzi zoyima, zocheperako, zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zothandiza kwambiri pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana za tsiku ndi tsiku.
