Kugwirizana kwa Newton: Kumvetsetsa Koyambirira kwa Kuyenda ndi Mphamvu Yokoka
Pendauluan
Isaac Newton, m'modzi mwa asayansi otchuka kwambiri m'mbiri, adapanga malingaliro omwe adasintha kumvetsetsa kwathu chilengedwe chonse. Ntchito yake yodziwika bwino, "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica," yofalitsidwa mu 1687, idayambitsa malamulo oyenda ndi lamulo la mphamvu yokoka ya chilengedwe chonse. Ngakhale lingaliro la relativity, monga momwe limadziwikira masiku ano, nthawi zambiri limanenedwa kuti ndi la Albert Einstein, lingaliro la relativity kwenikweni lidakhazikitsidwa koyamba motsatira njira zakale ndi Newton. Nkhaniyi ifufuza mfundo za Newton za relativity, tanthauzo lake pakumvetsetsa kayendedwe ndi mphamvu yokoka, ndi momwe malingaliro awa adasinthira mpaka nthawi ya relativity ya Einstein.
Malamulo a Newton Oyendetsera Zinthu
Malamulo a Newton oyendetsera zinthu ndi maziko a makina akale ndipo ali ndi malamulo atatu omwe amafotokoza ubale pakati pa kuyenda kwa chinthu ndi mphamvu zomwe zikugwira ntchito pa icho. Malamulo atatuwa ndi awa:
1. Lamulo Loyamba la Newton (Lamulo la Kusakhazikika):
"Chinthu chilichonse chidzakhalabe pampando kapena chikuyenda pa liwiro losalekeza mu mzere wowongoka pokhapokha ngati mphamvu yakunja ichitapo kanthu kuti isinthe mkhalidwewo."
Lamuloli likugogomezera kufunika kwa inertia, chizolowezi cha chinthu kusunga momwe chikuyendera. Ponena za ubale, izi zikutanthauza kuti kuyenda pakati pa zinthu ziwiri sikungasinthe pokhapokha ngati mphamvu yagwiritsidwa ntchito.
2. Lamulo Lachiwiri la Newton:
"Kuthamanga kwa chinthu kumagwirizana mwachindunji ndi mphamvu yomwe ikugwira ntchito pa icho ndipo kumagwirizana mosiyana ndi kulemera kwake. Mwa masamu, izi zimafotokozedwa ngati F = ma."
Apa, mphamvu (F) ndi chinthu chomwe chimachokera ku kulemera (m) ndi kufulumizitsa (a). Lamuloli likuwonetsa momwe kayendetsedwe ka chinthu kangasinthidwire pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Pankhani ya ubale, izi zikutanthauza kuti mphamvu yomwe ikugwira ntchito pa chinthucho idzasintha kayendedwe kake kogwirizana.
3. Lamulo Lachitatu la Newton:
"Chochita chilichonse chimabweretsa mayankho ofanana komanso osiyana."
Lamuloli limafotokoza kuti mphamvu nthawi zonse zimachitika m'magulu awiriawiri. Ngati chinthu A chimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu pa chinthu B, ndiye kuti chinthu B chimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yofanana koma yotsutsana pa chinthu A. Izi ndizofunikira pomvetsetsa kuyanjana pakati pa zinthu zomwe zili mu dongosolo lotsekedwa.
Lamulo la Newton la Mphamvu Yokoka Padziko Lonse
Lamulo la Newton la mphamvu yokoka padziko lonse lapansi limati tinthu tating'onoting'ono tonse m'chilengedwe timakoka tinthu tina tonse ndi mphamvu yomwe imagwirizana mwachindunji ndi zomwe zapangidwa ndi unyinji wa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tiwirito ndipo motsutsana imafanana ndi sikweya ya mtunda pakati pawo. Mwa masamu, lamuloli limanenedwa motere:
\[ F = G \frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2} \]
Kumene:
– \( F \) ndi mphamvu yokoka pakati pa tinthu tiwiri.
– \( G \) ndi mphamvu yokoka ya chilengedwe chonse.
– \( m_1 \) ndi \( m_2 \) ndi magulu a tinthu tiwiri.
– \( r \) ndi mtunda pakati pa malo ofunikira a tinthu tiwiri.
Lamulo la Newton la mphamvu yokoka limapereka maziko omvetsetsa zochitika monga mapulaneti ozungulira ndi kayendedwe ka zinthu padziko lapansi. Lilinso ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa lingaliro la Newton la kugwirizana, chifukwa mphamvu yokoka ndi mphamvu yomwe imakhudza kayendedwe ka zinthu m'munda wa mphamvu yokoka.
Ubale wa Newton
Kugwirizana kwa Newton, kapena molondola kwambiri, mfundo ya Newton ya kugwirizana, ndi lingaliro lakuti malamulo a fizikisi omwe amagwira ntchito mu chimango chimodzi chowunikira cha inertial amagwiranso ntchito mu mafelemu ena onse owunikira a inertial. Izi zikutanthauza kuti palibe chimango chapadera chowunikira cha inertial; malamulo onse oyenda amagwiranso ntchito mofanana mu chimango chilichonse chomwe chikuyenda mofulumira motsatizana.
Mfundo ya Chikhalidwe Chachikale
Mfundo ya Newton ya relativity ingathe kufotokozedwa mwachidule motere:
– Kusintha kwa ku Galileya: Ma equation a mayendedwe mu inertial reference frame amatha kusinthidwa kuchokera ku chimango chimodzi kupita ku china, akuyenda poyerekeza ndi choyamba ndi liwiro losasintha popanda kusintha mawonekedwe a ma equation.
Kusintha kwa Galilean kumafotokoza momwe ma coordinates a space-time amasinthira pakati pa ma inertial reference frames awiri. Tiyerekeze kuti pali ma inertial reference frames awiri, S ndi S', pomwe S' imayenda ndi liwiro losasintha \( v \) poyerekeza ndi S. Ngati \( (x, y, z, t) \) ndi ma coordinates mu frame S ndi \( (x', y', z', t') \) ndi ma coordinates mu frame S', ndiye kuti kusintha kwa Galilean kungafotokozedwe motere:
\[ x' = x – vt \]
\[ y' = y \]
\[ z' = z \]
\[t' = t \]
Kusintha kumeneku kukuwonetsa kuti nthawi ndi yokwanira komanso yofanana m'mafelemu onse ofotokozera a inertial, omwe ndi lingaliro lofunikira mu makina akale.
Zotsatira za Ubale wa Newton
Kugwirizana kwa Newton kuli ndi zotsatira zingapo zofunika mu fizikisi yakale:
1. Kusayenda bwino ndi Kuyenda kofanana:
Chinthu choyenda pa liwiro losasinthasintha mu gawo limodzi losasinthika chidzakhalabe chikuyenda pa liwiro losasinthasintha mu gawo lina losasinthika, malinga ndi mfundo ya Newton ya inertia. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kuyenda pakati pa zinthu ziwiri sikusintha pokhapokha ngati mphamvu ikugwira ntchito pa izo.
2. Kusunga Mphamvu:
Mu mawonekedwe osasinthika, mphamvu yonse ya dongosolo lotsekedwa imakhalabe yofanana ngati palibe mphamvu zakunja zomwe zikugwira ntchito pa dongosololi. Mfundo imeneyi ndiyo maziko a lamulo losunga mphamvu, lomwe ndi lofunika kwambiri pomvetsetsa kugundana ndi kuyanjana pakati pa zinthu.
3. Mphamvu yokoka ndi Kuyenda kwa Mphepete:
Lamulo la Newton la mphamvu yokoka limatithandiza kulosera kayendedwe ka mapulaneti ndi zinthu zina zakuthambo. Ponena za ubale wa Newton, mapulaneti onse amatsatira lamulo lomwelo la mphamvu yokoka ndipo amachita zinthu motsatira malamulo a Newton a kayendetsedwe kake m'mafelemu awo osasinthika.
Kusintha kwa Einstein ku Ubale
Ngakhale kuti ubale wa Newton unapereka maziko olimba omvetsetsa kayendedwe ndi mphamvu yokoka, unali ndi zofooka. Zochitika zina, monga liwiro losalekeza la kuwala ndi zotsatira za ubale pa liwiro lalikulu, sizikanatha kufotokozedwa ndi makina akale a Newton. Izi zinapangitsa kuti ziphunzitso za Albert Einstein zokhudzana ndi ubale wapadera komanso wamba zikhazikike kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20.
Ubale Wapadera
Chiphunzitso chapadera cha Einstein cha relativity, chomwe chinayambitsidwa mu 1905, chinasintha malingaliro angapo ofunikira a makina a Newtonian. Chimodzi mwa mfundo zake zazikulu ndichakuti liwiro la kuwala mu vacuum silisintha ndipo silidalira liwiro la wowonera. Izi zinatsutsana ndi lingaliro la Newton la nthawi yeniyeni ndipo zinapangitsa kuti pakhale malingaliro akuti nthawi imatambasuka komanso kutalika kwake kumachepa pa liwiro la relativistic.
Kugwirizana Kwathunthu
Kugwirizana kwa zinthu, komwe kunafalitsidwa ndi Einstein mu 1915, kunasintha lamulo la Newton la mphamvu yokoka ndi lingaliro lakuti mphamvu yokoka ndi kupindika kwa nthawi ndi malo komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kulemera ndi mphamvu. Chiphunzitsochi chimafotokoza molondola zochitika zamphamvu zokoka, monga kuzungulira kwa dziko lapansi la Mercury ndi mabowo akuda, zomwe lamulo la Newton la mphamvu yokoka silingathe kufotokoza.
Mapeto
Kugwirizana kwa Newton, ndi malamulo ake oyenda ndi mphamvu yokoka padziko lonse lapansi, ndi maziko ofunikira a fizikisi yakale yomwe idasintha kumvetsetsa kwathu kwa chilengedwe chonse. Mfundo za ubale wa Newton zimapereka lingaliro lokhazikika la kuyenda ndi kuyanjana m'mafelemu ofotokozera opanda mphamvu. Ngakhale kuti pamapeto pake idalowedwa m'malo ndi ubale wa Einstein, cholowa cha Newton chikadali maziko amphamvu ophunzirira ndikumvetsetsa zochitika zachilengedwe, kuyambira kuyenda kwa mapulaneti mpaka kusintha kwa tsiku ndi tsiku.
