Buku Lotsogolera Kupanga Wailesi Pogwiritsa Ntchito Chojambulira Cha digito
Kupanga wailesi yanu kunyumba sikuli kovutanso, makamaka tsopano popeza ma module ambiri a digito akupezeka omwe ndi othandiza, otsika mtengo, komanso amapereka mawu abwino. Mwa kuphatikiza chojambulira cha digito, chokulitsa mawu, ndi cholankhulira, mutha kupanga wailesi ya FM (ma module ena amathandizira ngakhale AM/SW kapena wailesi ya pa intaneti, kutengera mtundu) kuti mugwiritse ntchito m'chipinda chanu chogona, m'mashopu, kapena ngati pulojekiti yophunzirira zamagetsi. Nkhaniyi ikutsogolerani kuyambira pazoyambira ndi mndandanda wa zigawo mpaka kusonkhanitsa ndi kuyesa, kuti mutha kupanga wailesi yokongola komanso yogwira ntchito.
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1. Kumvetsetsa Lingaliro la Wailesi ndi Chojambulira cha Digito
Ma wailesi akale amagwiritsa ntchito ma analog circuits posankha ma frequency (kukonza) pogwiritsa ntchito ma variable capacitor ndi ma resonant circuits. Mu ma wailesi amakono, njira yosankha ma frequency imayendetsedwa ndi integrated circuit (IC)-based digital tuner yomwe imaphatikizapo phase-locked loop (PLL) system komanso signal processing yokhazikika. Ubwino waukulu wa ma digital tuner ndi awa:
1. Kusintha kolondola kwambiri: ma frequency amatha kusankhidwa pa 100 kHz (kapena pang'ono, kutengera gawo).
2. Yokhazikika: ma frequency sasinthasintha mosavuta ngati wailesi ya analogi.
3. Zina zowonjezera: kusanthula zokha, kusungira njira, chiwonetsero cha LCD, ndi RDS (Radio Data System) pama module ena.
4. Kupanga kosavuta: Simukuyenera kupanga RF circuit kuyambira pachiyambi.
Mwachizolowezi, makina anu a wailesi opangidwa kunyumba adzakhala ndi zinthu zazikulu izi: antenna → digito tuner → audio output (line out) → amplifier → speaker. Onjezani magetsi ndi zowongolera, ndipo wailesiyo idzakhala yokonzeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
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2. Dziwani Zofunikira pa Pulojekiti
Musanagule zigawo, dziwani zosowa zanu:
– wailesi ya FM yokha kapena mukufuna zina?
Ngati mukufuna FM yokha, gawo losinthira mawu pogwiritsa ntchito TEA5767 kapena RDA5807 IC lidzakwanira. Ngati mukufuna gawo lokonzeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi gulu ndi mabatani, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito gawo losinthira mawu la digito lomwe limapezeka kwambiri "loyang'ana kutsogolo" (nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi sikirini ndi mabatani).
- Kodi mawu otuluka ndi otsika kapena amphamvu?
Pa phokoso la chipinda, amplifier ya ma watt 3-5 ndi yokwanira. Pa malo ogwirira ntchito kapena chipinda chachikulu, ma watt 10-20 ndi omasuka kwambiri.
– Gwero la mphamvu: batire kapena adaputala?
Ngati mukufuna kuti inyamulidwe, gwiritsani ntchito batire ya 18650 + step-up/step-down. Ngati ndi yosasinthasintha, gwiritsani ntchito adaputala ya 5V/9V/12V DC ngati pakufunika.
Ndi mafotokozedwe omveka bwino, zidzakhala zosavuta kuti musankhe zigawo zogwirizana.
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3. Mndandanda wa Zigawo Zofunikira
Nazi zinthu zonse zofunika popanga wailesi yokhala ndi chosinthira cha digito:
A. Module Yosinthira Digito
Sankhani chimodzi:
- TEA5767 FM tuner module (I2C, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ndi Arduino)
- Gawo la chosinthira cha FM RDA5807 (I2C, losavuta kumva komanso lokhazikika)
- Gawo la wailesi ya digito lokonzeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito (nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi LCD, mabatani ndi mawu otuluka mwachindunji)
Ngati simukufuna kupanga chowongolera chozikidwa pa microcontroller, gawo lopangidwa kale lidzakhala losavuta.
B. Chokwezera Ma Audio
Zosankha zambiri:
– PAM8403 (5V, 3W+3W stereo, yoyenera mapulojekiti ang'onoang'ono)
– TPA3110/TPA3116 (12–24V, mphamvu zambiri, mawu “olimba” kwambiri)
– LM386 (yachikale, yosavuta, koma yamphamvu komanso phokoso lochepa zimatha kuonekera bwino)
C. Wokamba Nkhani
- 4Ω kapena 8Ω kutengera amplifier
- mainchesi 2–4 a ma radio ang'onoang'ono, kapena akulu kuti amve bwino bass
D. Mphamvu Yoperekera Mphamvu
– Adaputala ya DC 5V ya PAM8403 + chochunira
– Adapta ya 9–12V ngati mukugwiritsa ntchito amplifier yayikulu
Onjezani switch ya ON/OFF, ndipo ngati pakufunika, step-down module (buck converter) kuti magetsi ayende bwino.
E. Antena
– Chingwe cha 70–75 cm (cha FM) chingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati antenna yosavuta.
- Antena ya telescopic ndi yothandiza komanso yoyera
- Ngati chizindikiro chili chofooka, gwiritsani ntchito antenna yakunja kapena ikani wailesi pafupi ndi zenera.
F. Zipangizo Zowonjezera (Zosankha koma zothandiza)
- Volume potentiometer (ngati amplifier ilibe chowongolera)
- LCD / OLED module (ngati ikulamulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito Arduino)
- Bokosi la polojekiti (acrylic, matabwa, kapena pulasitiki)
- Chojambulira cha audio, chojambulira cha antenna, ndi cholumikizira cha DC
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4. Ndondomeko Yoyambira ya Dera
Mwachidule:
1. Antena imalowa mu chosinthira cha digito.
2. Chotulutsa mawu cha tuner (nthawi zambiri L/R ndi GND) chimapita ku amplifier.
3. Chotulutsira mawu okweza mawu ku ma speaker.
4. Ma module onse amalandira magetsi malinga ndi mphamvu ya magetsi ndipo nthaka iyenera kulumikizidwa pamodzi (malo ogwirizana).
Ngati mukugwiritsa ntchito gawo losinthira la Arduino:
- Arduino imalamulira chosinthira kudzera mu I2C (SDA/SCL).
- Batani/cholembera chozungulira kuti musinthe ma frequency ndikusunga njira.
- LCD imawonetsa mafupipafupi ndi momwe zinthu zilili.
Ngati mukugwiritsa ntchito gawo lokonzekera lopangira chosinthira:
- Mumangolumikiza mawuwo ku amplifier ndikuyatsa.
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5. Masitepe Osonkhanitsira
Gawo 1: Yesani Ma Module Payokha
Musanapange, onetsetsani kuti gawo lililonse likugwira ntchito:
- Yatsani chochunira, lumikizani mawu otuluka ku sipika yogwira ntchito kapena amplifier yaying'ono kuti muwone ngati kuwulutsa kwajambulidwa.
- Yesani amplifier ndi gwero la mawu pafoni kuti muwonetsetse kuti mawuwo atuluka bwino.
Izi zimakutetezani kuti musasokonezeke vuto likachitika mutakhazikitsa chilichonse.
Gawo 2: Ikani Antena
- Pa kuyesera, gwiritsani ntchito chingwe ngati antenna ndipo yesani kuchiwongolera.
- Ngati mukugwiritsa ntchito antenna ya telescopic, ikani pa casing ndikuilumikiza ku cholowera cha antenna ya tuner.
Sungani antenna kutali ndi zingwe zamagetsi zomwe zingawonjezere phokoso.
Gawo 3: Lumikizani chosinthira ku Amplifier
- Lumikizani L/R/GND kuchokera pa chotulutsira mawu kupita ku cholowetsa cha amplifier.
- Samalani ndi mulingo wa chizindikiro: ma tuner ena amapereka mphamvu yotulutsa mawu yoyenera ma amplifiers, koma ena amafunika kusintha mphamvu yopezera mawu.
- Gwiritsani ntchito zingwe zazifupi komanso zosalala kuti muchepetse phokoso.
Gawo 4: Lumikizani Amplifier ku Ma speaker
- Onetsetsani kuti polarity ya sipika ndi yolondola (+ to +, – to –) kuti gawolo lisabwerere m'mbuyo.
- Ngati muli ndi stereo, khazikitsani ma speaker awiri kapena gwiritsani ntchito mono mode ngati pakufunika.
Gawo 5: Konzani Mphamvu Yokhazikika
- Onetsetsani kuti magetsi akugwirizana ndi zomwe zili mu module.
- Ngati mukugwiritsa ntchito adaputala imodzi pazinthu zonse, ganizirani chosinthira chowongolera/buck cha chotulutsira (monga chotulutsira chimafunikira 5V pomwe chotulutsira chimafunikira 12V).
- Onjezani capacitor ya electrolytic (monga 470µF–1000µF) pafupi ndi amplifier input kuti magetsi akhale olimba.
Gawo 6: Konzani Mkati mwa Chikwama
- Pangani mabowo a mabatani, sikirini, ma speaker, ndi malo olumikizira magetsi.
- Lekanitsani njira ya mawu ndi njira yamagetsi momwe mungathere.
- Gwiritsani ntchito chotchingira kapena chotchingira cha PCB kuti mupewe kufupika kwa chivundikirocho.
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6. Kuyesa ndi Kulinganiza
Chilichonse chikayikidwa:
1. Yatsani wailesi, onani ngati chochuniracho chikugwira ntchito bwino.
2. Fufuzani zoulutsira pogwiritsa ntchito scan kapena kusintha pamanja.
3. Sinthani voliyumu ndipo onetsetsani kuti palibe kupotoza kwakukulu.
4. Mvetserani phokoso lililonse. Ngati pali:
- Yang'anani malo (onetsetsani kuti pali malo amodzi oyambira)
- Chotsani chingwe cholowera mawu
- Onjezani capacitor yolumikizira ya 100nF pafupi ndi chotulutsira ndi ma power pin amplifier
- Sinthani adaputala ndi ina yabwino (adaputala yotsika mtengo nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi phokoso)
Pa ma module okhala ndi RDS, yesani kusaka siteshoni yomwe imathandizira RDS kuti muwone ngati dzina la siteshoniyo likuwonekera.
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7. Malangizo a Zotsatira Zabwino
- Gwiritsani ntchito bokosi lolimba: matabwa amapereka mphamvu yabwino kwa ma speaker ang'onoang'ono.
- Sankhani ma spika abwino: wailesi yosavuta imamveka bwino kwambiri ngati ili ndi ma spika abwino.
- Onjezani bass/treble control (ngati mukufuna) pogwiritsa ntchito njira yosavuta yowongolera mawu kapena preamp module.
- Samalani ndi malo a antenna: nthawi zambiri khalidwe la kulandila limadalira kwambiri antenna kuposa chotulutsira.
- Gwiritsani ntchito cholembera/cholembera chozungulira: chosavuta kuposa mabatani okweza-pansi pafupipafupi.
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8. Mapeto
Kupanga wailesi ndi chojambulira cha digito ndi ntchito yosangalatsa komanso yophunzitsa. Simukuyenera kupanga njira yovuta ya RF, chifukwa gawo la chojambulira cha digito limagwira ntchito yokonza zinthu. Mwa kuwonjezera amplifier yoyenera, ma speaker abwino, ndi magetsi okhazikika, mutha kupanga wailesi yokhala ndi mawu omveka bwino komanso magwiridwe antchito. Yambani ndi mtundu wosavuta (chojambulira chokonzedwa kale + amplifier + ma speaker), kenako onjezerani ndi zina zowonjezera monga kusungira njira, chiwonetsero cha pafupipafupi, kapena kapangidwe kabwino kwambiri ka chikwama. Ndi mawaya osamala ndi kusankha zigawo, wailesi yanu ya digito ikhoza kukhala chipangizo chothandiza kwambiri, osati pulojekiti yowonetsera yokha.
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kupanga mtundu waukadaulo wa nkhaniyi (ndi zitsanzo za mawaya a TEA5767/RDA5807 + Arduino, mndandanda wa ma pin, ndi zitsanzo za ma code), kapena mtundu wothandiza kwambiri makamaka wa gawo la "front panel" la plug-in.
