Chiphunzitso cha Humanistic Psychology ndi Ntchito Zake
Maphunziro a zamaganizo a anthu ndi amodzi mwa masukulu akuluakulu a maganizo mkati mwa maphunziro a zamaganizo omwe amaika anthu pakati pa chidwi: anthu amaonedwa ngati anthu athunthu, okhala ndi kuthekera, ufulu wosankha, komanso chikhumbo chachilengedwe chofuna kukula. Sukuluyi idayamba ngati "mphamvu yachitatu" pambuyo pa kusanthula maganizo, komwe kumagogomezera zoyeserera zosazindikira, ndi khalidwe, lomwe limagogomezera khalidwe looneka. Maphunziro a zamaganizo a anthu adabuka kuti athetse kufunika komvetsetsa zokumana nazo za anthu—tanthauzo la moyo, makhalidwe abwino, zolinga, malingaliro, ndi kudzizindikira—zomwe nthawi zambiri zinkaonedwa kuti sizoyenera m'masukulu awiri am'mbuyomu.
Chiyambi ndi Malingaliro Oyambira
M'mbuyomu, maganizo a anthu adakula mofulumira pakati pa zaka za m'ma 20, makamaka kudzera m'malingaliro a anthu monga Abraham Maslow ndi Carl Rogers. Onse awiri adakana lingaliro lakuti anthu ndi "zopangidwa" chabe za mikangano ya ana kapena zotsatira za kulengedwa kwa chilengedwe. Chikhalidwe cha anthu chimadalira malingaliro angapo ofunikira:
1. Anthu ali ndi zolinga zabwino komanso chikhumbo chofuna kukula.
Ngakhale kuti anthu amatha kuchita zinthu zoipa, anthu okonda zaumulungu amaona khalidweli nthawi zambiri ngati logwirizana ndi zosowa zomwe zalephereka, zokumana nazo zopweteka, kapena malo osathandiza.
2. Chidziwitso cha munthu payekha ndi gwero lofunika la deta.
Mmene munthu amatanthauzira chochitika chimadalira kwambiri momwe munthu amakhudzira maganizo ake kuposa chochitikacho chokha.
3. Ufulu wosankha (ufulu wosankha) ndi udindo wa munthu payekha.
Anthu okonda zaumulungu amavomereza kuti pali zinthu zomwe zimakhudza zamoyo ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, koma amagogomezerabe luso la munthu kusankha ndikuwongolera moyo.
4. Anthu ndi zolengedwa zonse (zonse).
Maganizo, malingaliro, thupi, maubwenzi, ndi makhalidwe abwino a moyo ndi zogwirizana ndipo ziyenera kumvedwa zonse.
Kutengera izi, njira ya umunthu imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kumvetsetsa chitukuko cha anthu, uphungu, maphunziro, ntchito zaumoyo, ndi dziko la ntchito.
Abraham Maslow ndi Utsogoleri wa Zosowa
Abraham Maslow ndi wotchuka chifukwa cha chiphunzitso chake cha utsogoleri wa zosowa, chomwe chimafotokoza zosowa za anthu kuyambira pamlingo wotsika mpaka wapamwamba kwambiri. Kawirikawiri, Maslow adayika zosowa motere:
1. Zosowa za thupi: kudya, kumwa, kugona, thanzi lofunikira.
2. Chitetezo: kumva chitetezo chakuthupi, kukhazikika, chitetezo.
3. Chikondi ndi kukhala m'gulu: ubwenzi, banja, kulandiridwa ndi gulu.
4. Kudzilemekeza: kudzilemekeza, luso, kuzindikira.
5. Kudzizindikira wekha: kukulitsa kuthekera, kukwaniritsa tanthauzo ndi cholinga m'moyo.
Mwachidule, dongosololi silimakhala lolimba nthawi zonse; munthu amatha kufunafuna cholinga cha moyo ngakhale atakhala kuti alibe ndalama zokwanira. Komabe, lingaliro lalikulu limakhalabe lofunika: zosowa zoyambira zosakwaniritsidwa nthawi zambiri zimalepheretsa kukula kwamaganizo. Mwachitsanzo, ophunzira omwe ali ndi njala kapena omwe amadzimva kuti ndi osatetezeka kusukulu amavutika kuyang'ana kwambiri pa maphunziro awo kapena kukulitsa luso lawo.
Maslow anagogomezeranso lingaliro la zochitika zapamwamba, zomwe ndi zochitika zapamwamba pamene munthu akumva kuti ali ndi moyo wakuya, wofunika, wogwirizana, komanso wogwirizana ndi iyemwini. Zochitika zotere nthawi zambiri zimakhudzana ndi luso, uzimu, kupambana, kapena maubwenzi akuya pakati pa anthu.
Carl Rogers ndi Njira Yoyang'anira Makasitomala
Carl Rogers adapanga njira yothandizira anthu, yomwe yakhala imodzi mwa njira zodziwika bwino kwambiri pa uphungu wamakono. Malinga ndi Rogers, anthu ali ndi chilakolako chachilengedwe chotchedwa chizolowezi chochita zinthu, chizolowezi chofuna kukula, kuchira, ndikukhala mtundu wabwino kwambiri wa iwo eni akakhala ndi mavuto amisala othandizira.
Rogers adagogomezera zinthu zitatu zazikulu zomwe ziyenera kukhalapo mu ubale wochiritsira:
1. Kumvera chisoni: luso lomvetsa zomwe kasitomala akukumana nazo malinga ndi momwe akuonera.
2. Kulemekeza kasitomala mopanda malire: kulandira kasitomala ngati munthu popanda kuweruza.
3. Kulondola (kugwirizana): katswiri wa zamaganizo amapezeka moona mtima, popanda kunyengerera, ndipo amakhala wogwirizana pakati pa malingaliro ake ndi khalidwe lake.
Munthawi imeneyi, makasitomala amamva kuti ali otetezeka kwambiri pofufuza momwe akumvera, kuzindikira mabala awo amkati, ndikumanga kumvetsetsa kwawo. Cholinga sikupereka uphungu, koma kuthandiza makasitomala kupeza mayankho mkati mwawo.
Kudziona Wokha, Kusalingana, ndi Kukula
Mu chikhalidwe cha anthu, kudziona ngati munthu ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri. Kudziona ngati munthu ndi momwe munthu amaonera ndi kudziyesa yekha, monga "Ndili ndi mphamvu," "Sindili woyenerera," kapena "Ndiyenera kukhala wangwiro nthawi zonse." Rogers anafotokoza kuti mavuto amisala nthawi zambiri amabuka pakakhala kusalingana: kusagwirizana pakati pa zomwe akumana nazo zenizeni ndi chithunzi chake.
Mwachitsanzo, munthu amene amadziona kuti "ayenera kukhala wolimba mtima" angachepetse chisoni chake. Chisoni chikapitirira, amadziona ngati wolephera kapena wofooka. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mkangano wamkati, kupsinjika maganizo, ndi nkhawa. Mu chithandizo cha anthu, anthu amathandizidwa kuvomereza malingaliro ngati gawo la kukhala munthu, kusintha zikhulupiriro zawo zosatheka, ndikukhala mogwirizana ndi zomwe akumana nazo zenizeni.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Psychology ya Anthu mu Uphungu ndi Chithandizo
Kugwiritsa ntchito mwachindunji kwa umunthu ndi mu uphungu. Njira iyi nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito:
- Nkhani zokhudzana ndi ubale, monga mikangano ya mnzawo kapena banja, chifukwa cha kulankhulana mwachifundo komanso zosowa zamaganizo.
- Nkhawa ndi kupsinjika maganizo, pothandiza makasitomala kuzindikira malingaliro, makhalidwe abwino a moyo, ndi zosowa zomwe sizinalandiridwe.
- Kudziwika ndi tanthauzo la mavuto a moyo, mwachitsanzo pamene munthu wataya ntchito, akakula, kapena akukumana ndi chisoni.
- Kulimbitsa kudzidalira, kudzera mu zomwe zimachitika polandiridwa ndi kumvedwa popanda kuweruzidwa.
M'mikhalidwe yambiri, alangizi a zaumunthu sachita ngati "akatswiri odziwa bwino," koma ngati otsogolera njira yochiritsira. Ubale wochiritsira wokha umaonedwa kuti ndi chinthu chachikulu chochiritsira.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito mu Maphunziro: Kupangitsa Kuphunzira Kukhala Kwaumunthu
Chikhalidwe cha anthu chimakhudzanso maphunziro kudzera mu lingaliro lakuti kuphunzira sikungokhudza manambala ndi kuloweza zinthu, komanso kukulitsa umunthu. Magwiritsidwe ake enieni ndi awa:
- Mkhalidwe wabwino m'kalasi: ophunzira amayesa kufunsa mafunso ndikuyesera popanda mantha kuti angachite manyazi.
- Njira yoganizira ophunzira: aphunzitsi amavomereza zomwe ophunzira amakonda, njira zophunzirira, ndi zomwe akumana nazo.
- Kulimbitsa chilimbikitso chamkati: kulimbikitsa ophunzira kuphunzira chifukwa cha chidwi ndi zolinga zawo, osati chilango kapena mphotho zokha.
- Maphunziro a khalidwe ndi malingaliro: kuphunzitsa kumvera ena chisoni, kudzidziwa bwino, komanso luso locheza ndi anthu.
Ndi njira yaumunthu, ophunzira amaonedwa ngati anthu omwe akukula, osati ngati “zotengera zopanda kanthu” zoti adzazidwe.
Ntchito mu Dziko la Ntchito: Utsogoleri ndi Ubwino
M'mabungwe, umunthu umaonekera bwino mu lingaliro la utsogoleri wothandizira komanso chikhalidwe cha ntchito chomwe chimalemekeza anthu. Ntchito zake zikuphatikizapo:
– Chitetezo cha maganizo: antchito amamva kuti ali otetezeka pofotokoza malingaliro kapena zolakwa popanda kuopa kulangidwa mopanda chilungamo.
- Kuphunzitsa ndi kupereka ndemanga zolimbikitsa: kuyang'ana kwambiri pakukulitsa luso ndi zolinga zaumwini.
- Kulinganiza moyo: kusamalira thanzi la maganizo, ntchito, ndi zosowa za m'banja.
- Kukula komwe kungachitike: maphunziro omwe amagwirizana ndi zomwe antchito amakonda komanso mphamvu zawo.
Mabungwe omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mfundo zaumunthu nthawi zambiri amaona antchito ngati chuma cha anthu, osati chuma chongopanga zinthu zokha.
Kudzudzula ndi Zofooka za Psychology ya Anthu
Ngakhale kuti ili ndi mphamvu zake, maganizo a anthu alinso ndi otsutsa ake. Malingaliro ena amaonedwa kuti ndi olakwika kwambiri kapena ovuta kuwayesa mwamphamvu chifukwa cha chibadwa chawo. Kuphatikiza apo, kutsindika kwake ufulu wa munthu payekha kungawoneke ngati kunyalanyaza zinthu monga umphawi, tsankho, kapena mwayi wopeza maphunziro. Chifukwa chake, akatswiri ambiri amakono amaphatikiza umunthu ndi njira zina, monga chithandizo chamaganizo ndi khalidwe kapena malingaliro a chikhalidwe cha anthu, kuti akwaniritse njira yokwanira.
Kutseka
Chiphunzitso cha psychology yaumunthu chimapereka malingaliro omwe amagogomezera ulemu wa munthu, zomwe munthu akukumana nazo, komanso kuthekera kokulira. Kudzera mu malingaliro a Maslow okhudza zosowa ndi kudzikwaniritsa, komanso njira ya Rogers yoyang'ana makasitomala, humanity imapereka maziko olimba a uphungu, maphunziro, ndi machitidwe opititsa patsogolo bungwe kukhala aumunthu. Pomaliza, psychology yaumunthu imatikumbutsa kuti anthu si gulu la zizindikiro kapena machitidwe okha, koma anthu omwe ali ndi chiyembekezo, tanthauzo, komanso kuthekera kosintha akapatsidwa malo otetezeka oti apitirire patsogolo.
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kusintha nkhaniyi kukhala mawu 1000, kuwonjezera zitsanzo za zochitika (kusukulu/uphungu/ntchito), kapena kuphatikiza mndandanda wa ntchito zamaphunziro.
