Mitundu ya Makhalidwe Malinga ndi Chiphunzitso cha Zamaganizo
Umunthu ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zosangalatsa komanso zovuta kwambiri pa chibadwa cha munthu. Mu psychology, umunthu ndi gulu la makhalidwe ndi makhalidwe omwe amasiyanitsa munthu ndi mnzake. Akatswiri a zamaganizo ndi ofufuza apanga malingaliro osiyanasiyana kuti amvetsetse ndikugawa mitundu ya umunthu. M'nkhaniyi, tikambirana mfundo zingapo zokhudzana ndi umunthu ndi mitundu ya umunthu yomwe amafotokoza.
1. Chiphunzitso cha Mtundu wa Munthu cholembedwa ndi Hippocrates ndi Galen
Mawu akuti 'umunthu' akhalapo kuyambira nthawi zakale, ndipo imodzi mwa mfundo zakale kwambiri za umunthu ndi ya Hippocrates ndi Galen. Anagawa umunthuwo m'magulu kutengera madzi anayi amthupi, kapena nthabwala, zomwe ankakhulupirira kuti zinkakhala zambiri m'thupi la munthu. Mitundu inayi ya umunthu ndi iyi:
1. Anthu a mtundu uwu wa umunthu amakhala ndi magazi ambiri (sanguine). Amakonda kukhala ndi chiyembekezo, kuchita zinthu mwachangu, kucheza ndi anthu ena, komanso kusangalala. Anthu a m'thupi nthawi zambiri amakhala omasuka komanso ochezeka.
2. Kukhumudwa: Mtundu uwu umakhala ndi ndulu yakuda (melancholia). Anthu omwe ali ndi umunthu wokhumudwa nthawi zambiri amaonedwa kuti ndi oganiza bwino, ozama, komanso okonda zinthu zambiri. Akhoza kukhala odzipatula komanso okonda kumva chisoni kapena kuvutika maganizo.
3. Choleric: Madzi ambiri mumtunduwu ndi ndulu yachikasu. Anthu oleric ndi atsogoleri mwachibadwa, olimba mtima, olimba mtima, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ouma khosi. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi cholinga komanso ofunitsitsa kuchita zinthu.
4. Munthu wokonda kupsa mtima: Munthu wokonda kupsa mtima kapena kupsa mtima nthawi zambiri amakhala wodekha, wamtendere, womasuka, komanso wokonda mtendere. Amakonda kukhazikika ndipo amakonda mgwirizano muubwenzi wawo.
2. Chiphunzitso cha Psychoanalytic cholembedwa ndi Sigmund Freud
Chiphunzitso cha Sigmund Freud chokhudza maganizo ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri maganizo. Freud adati umunthu umakhala ndi zinthu zitatu zazikulu: id, ego, ndi superego, zomwe nthawi zonse zimalumikizana.
1. Id: Gawo ili ndi malo osungiramo zinthu zakale komanso zinthu zamoyo zomwe zimafuna kukhutitsidwa nthawi yomweyo popanda kuganizira zenizeni kapena makhalidwe abwino.
2. Ego: Ego imagwira ntchito ngati mkhalapakati pakati pa id ndi superego. Imagwira ntchito motsatira mfundo yeniyeni ndipo imayesetsa kukwaniritsa zosowa za id mwanjira yeniyeni komanso yovomerezeka pagulu.
3. Superego: Kapangidwe kameneka kali ndi miyezo ya makhalidwe abwino ndi ya makhalidwe abwino yomwe makolo ndi anthu amaphunzitsidwa. Cholinga cha superego ndi kulamulira zilakolako za id zomwe zingakhale zosavomerezeka.
Malinga ndi Freud, kuyanjana kosalekeza pakati pa id, ego, ndi superego kumapanga umunthu wa munthu ndi khalidwe lake la tsiku ndi tsiku.
3. Chiphunzitso cha Chitukuko cha Zamaganizo ndi Erik Erikson
Erik Erikson adapanga chiphunzitso cha chitukuko cha maganizo chomwe chili ndi magawo asanu ndi atatu a moyo, kuyambira kubadwa mpaka kukalamba. Gawo lililonse limaphatikizapo vuto kapena vuto lomwe munthu ayenera kuthana nalo kuti akule bwino. Umunthu umakula kudzera mu kuthetsa mavutowa.
1. Kudalirana vs. Kusakhulupirirana: Gawo la khanda, pomwe mwana amaphunzira kudalira kapena kusakhulupirira anthu omwe ali pafupi naye.
2. Kudziyimira pawokha motsutsana ndi Manyazi ndi Kukayikira: Gawo la ubwana, pomwe ana amaphunzira kudziyimira pawokha kapena kuchita manyazi ndi zolephera zawo.
3. Kuyambitsa Chidwi vs. Kudzimva Wolakwa: Gawo la ana aang'ono, komwe ana amayamba kukonzekera zochita ndikuyesera maudindo a anthu.
4. Makampani vs. Kusauka: Gawo la sukulu ya pulayimale, kumene ana amayamba kudziyesa okha ndi luso lawo pankhani yophunzira ndi ntchito.
5. Kudzizindikiritsa vs. Kusokonezeka kwa Kudzizindikiritsa: Gawo la achinyamata, pomwe anthu amayesa kupeza kuti ndi ndani kwenikweni komanso cholinga chawo m'moyo.
6. Kukhala paubwenzi ndi anthu ena vs. Kudzipatula: Gawo la unyamata, lomwe limaphatikizapo kupanga ubale wapamtima ndi ena kapena kudzimva kuti ndife osungulumwa.
7. Kubereka ana ndi Kusakhazikika: Gawo lapakati pa uchikulire, pomwe anthu amafuna kusiya cholowa chabwino kapena zotsatira zabwino padziko lapansi.
8. Umphumphu vs. Kutaya Mtima: Gawo la uchikulire lomwe limaphatikizapo kuganizira za moyo ndi kumva chisoni kapena kukhutira ndi zomwe wakwaniritsa.
4. MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator) Chiphunzitso cha Mtundu wa Munthu
MBTI ndi imodzi mwa njira zodziwika bwino zoyezera umunthu, kutengera chiphunzitso cha umunthu cha Carl Jung. MBTI imagawa umunthu m'magulu 16 kutengera magawo anayi akuluakulu:
1. Kusinthasintha kwa malingaliro (E) vs. Kusinthasintha kwa malingaliro (I): Kuyang'ana kwambiri mphamvu ya munthu, kaya ikuyang'ana kwambiri dziko lakunja (E) kapena lamkati (I).
2. Kuzindikira (S) vs. Kuzindikira (N): Momwe munthu amaonera chidziwitso, kaya kudzera mu mfundo zenizeni (S) kapena mwatsatanetsatane komanso mwachibadwa (N).
3. Kuganiza (T) vs. Kumva (F): Maziko opangira zisankho, kaya kutengera mfundo ndi mfundo (T) kapena malingaliro ndi mfundo zaumwini (F).
4. Kuweruza (J) vs. Kuzindikira (P): Zokonda za moyo, kaya zokonzedwa bwino komanso zokonzedwa bwino (J) kapena zosinthasintha komanso zosayembekezereka (P).
Zitsanzo za mitundu ya MBTI ndi INFJ, ENTP, ISTJ, ndi zina zotero. Kuphatikiza kulikonse kumapanga mbiri yapadera ya umunthu.
5. Chiphunzitso Chachikulu Chachisanu
Chiphunzitso Chachikulu Chachisanu ndi njira yodziwika bwino yogwiritsira ntchito umunthu m'maganizo amakono. Zinthu zisanu izi ndi izi:
1. Kutseguka: Kuphatikizapo makhalidwe monga kukhala ndi malingaliro, luso, komanso kutseguka ku malingaliro ndi zokumana nazo zatsopano.
2. Kusamala (Kusamala): Ponena za makhalidwe monga kupirira, kukonzekera, ndi udindo.
3. Kusinthasintha: Kuphatikizapo makhalidwe monga kucheza ndi anthu, mphamvu, komanso kulankhula.
4. Kugwirizana (Kuchokera kwa Anzako): Kuphatikizapo makhalidwe monga ubwenzi, chisamaliro, ndi kuwolowa manja.
5. Matenda amisala: Amaphatikizapo makhalidwe monga nkhawa, kukhudzidwa ndi maganizo, ndi chisoni.
Munthu aliyense ali ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a chilichonse mwa zinthu zisanuzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya umunthu.
Mapeto
Kumvetsetsa mitundu ya umunthu kudzera mu ziphunzitso zosiyanasiyana zamaganizo kumatithandiza kumvetsetsa zovuta za chibadwa cha munthu. Chiphunzitso chilichonse chimapereka malingaliro apadera ndi zida zothandiza zowunikira pophunzira khalidwe ndi makhalidwe a munthu payekha. Kuyambira madzi amthupi akale mpaka zinthu zamakono monga chiphunzitso cha Big Five, zonse zimagwira ntchito yowonjezera chidziwitso chathu cha umunthu wa munthu. Mwa kumvetsetsa umunthu, titha kukhala ozindikira kwambiri pakuchita zinthu ndi anthu, kudzikuza, komanso ngakhale pantchito.
