Mphamvu yamagetsi

Pengertian

Mphamvu yamagetsi imafotokozedwa ngati mphamvu zomwe zingatheke pa gawo lililonse chaji yamagetsiMwachitsanzo, pamene pa mfundo a, chaji q ili ndi mphamvu ya EP_a , ndiye kuti kuthekera pa mfundo a kumapangidwa motere:

Kufotokozera: V = mphamvu yamagetsi, EP = mphamvu yamagetsi, q = mphamvu yamagetsi.

V sikuti imangokhala pamalo a okha komanso pamalo onse mkati munda wamagetsi. Mfundo a imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chitsanzo. Monga momwe tidzafotokozera pambuyo pake, mtengo wake sudalira mtengo wa q.

EP ndi chaji yamagetsi ndi kuchuluka kwa scalar kotero V ndi kuchuluka kwa scalar. Dongosolo la mayunitsi apadziko lonse lapansi EP ndi Joule ndipo gawo lapadziko lonse la dongosolo lamagetsi ndi Coulomb, kotero gawo lapadziko lonse la dongosolo V ndi Joule pa Coulomb (J/C). Dzina lina la J/C ndi Volt, lochokera ku dzina la wasayansi waku Italy komanso wopanga batire yamagetsi, Alessandro Volta (1745-1827).

Kusiyana kwa mphamvu zamagetsi

V pamalo, mwachitsanzo V pamalo a, omwe ndi V_a, mtengo wake sungadziwike chifukwa chomwe chili ndi tanthauzo ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu. Mtengo wa kusintha kwa mphamvu ukhoza kudziwika kudzera mu kuwerengera kapena muyeso. V imasintha pamene mphamvu q isuntha kuchokera pa mfundo imodzi kupita ku ina. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mphamvu q isuntha kuchokera pa mfundo a kupita pa mfundo b, ndiye kuti kusintha kwa mphamvu ndi:

V_ab ndi kusiyana komwe kulipo pakati pa mfundo ziwiri mu gawo lamagetsi, mwachitsanzo mfundo a ndi b. Kusiyana komwe kulipo pakati pa mfundo a ndi b (V)_ab) pamodzi ndi usa mphamvu yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chaji yamagetsi pa chaji yamagetsi pamene ikuyenda kuchokera pa mfundo a kupita pa mfundo b, pa chaji iliyonse (W_ab/q). Tiyenera kudziwa kuti ntchito yochitidwa ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa q posuntha kuchokera pa mfundo a kupita pa mfundo b (W_ab) ndi chimodzimodzi ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu yomwe ingatheke ya q (ΔEP). Chifukwa chake, mu equation yomwe ili pamwambapa, ΔEP ikhoza kusinthidwa ndi W_ab.

Chinthu chikakhala pamalo enaake pamwamba pa nthaka, chimakhala ndi mphamvu yokoka, komwe pamwamba pa nthaka pamagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo ofotokozera. Pankhaniyi, kutalika kwa pamwamba pa nthaka ndi mphamvu yokoka pamalo omwe ali pansi zimayikidwa pa zero. Mofanana ndi mphamvu yokoka, tikamanena kuti mfundo ili ndi mphamvu inayake, mfundo ina iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo ofotokozera, poganizira kuti kusiyana kwa mphamvu kokha ndiko komwe kungawerengedwe. Nthawi zambiri, nthaka kapena chowongolera chamagetsi cholumikizidwa pansi chimasankhidwa ngati malo ofotokozera, komwe mphamvu pa chowongolera kapena mphamvu yomwe ili pansi imayikidwa pa zero. Chifukwa chake, ngati mfundo ili ndi V ya 12 Volts, kusiyana kwa mphamvu pakati pa mfundo imeneyo ndi nthaka ndi 12 Volts. Mu batire ya 6 Volt, kusiyana kwa mphamvu pakati pa positive terminal ndi negative terminal ndi 6 Volts. Chifukwa gawo la kusiyana kwa mphamvu ndi Volts, kusiyana kwa mphamvu pakati pa mfundo ziwiri nthawi zambiri kumatchedwa magetsi.

Equation yosiyana yomwe ili pamwambapa ikhoza kulembedwanso motere:

Ngati chaji q idutsa mu kusiyana komwe kungatheke V_ab Kenako mphamvu yothekera imasintha ndi ΔEP. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mphamvu ya Coulombs 2 idutsa mu kusiyana kwa mphamvu ya 12 Volts, mphamvu yothekera imasintha ndi (2 C)(12 V) = 24 Joules. Momwemonso, ngati mphamvu ya Coulombs 4 idutsa mu kusiyana kwa mphamvu ya 24 Volts, mphamvu yothekera imasintha ndi (4 C)(24 V) = 96 Joules.

Kotero kusintha kwa mphamvu yothekera (ΔEP) kumagwirizana ndi mphamvu (q) ndi mphamvu yamagetsi (V)._ab). Mphamvu yamagetsi ikachuluka komanso/kapena magetsi, kusintha kwa mphamvu yamagetsi kumakulirakulira. Mphamvu yamagetsi imagwirizana ndi luso logwira ntchito, kotero ngati kusintha kwa mphamvu yamagetsi kuli kwakukulu, luso logwira ntchito nalonso ndi lalikulu.

Chiyerekezo cha kusiyana komwe kulipo pamwambapa chikadali chofala. Kuti mupeze chiyerekezo cha V chatsatanetsatane, onaninso kusiyana komwe kungatheke mu gawo lamagetsi lofanana ndipo lomwe limapangidwa ndi chaji imodzi.

Munda wamagetsi wofanana

Kusiyana komwe kulipo pakati pa mfundo ziwiri mu gawo lamagetsi lofanana, mwachitsanzo mfundo a ndi mfundo b, kungawerengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito equation ili pansipa:

Kufotokozera: V_ab = kusiyana komwe kulipo pakati pa mfundo ziwiri, E = malo amagetsi ndi s = mtunda pakati pa mfundo ziwiri.

Katundu umodzi

Mphamvu yomwe imabwera chifukwa cha mphamvu imodzi yomwe imapanga mphamvu yamagetsi imatha kuwerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito equation iyi:

Kufotokozera: V_ab = kusiyana kwa kuthekera pakati pa mfundo ziwiri, k = chosasintha cha Coulomb, Q = chaji imodzi yomwe imapanga munda wamagetsi, r = mtunda pakati pa chaji Q ndi malo omwe chaji imawerengedwa.

Ubale pakati pa mphamvu yamagetsi ndi mphamvu

Munda wamagetsi ndi kuchuluka kwa vekitala, pomwe mphamvu ndi kuchuluka kwa sikitala. Kuchuluka kwa vekitala kumaphatikizapo malangizo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuwerengera kuposa kuchuluka kwa sikitala. Kuti kuwerengetsa kukhale kosavuta, pamagwiritsidwa ntchito equation yomwe ikuwonetsa ubale pakati pa munda wamagetsi ndi mphamvu.
Chiyerekezo cha kusiyana komwe kudafotokozedwa kale chalembedwanso motere:

Mwa masamu, ntchito ndi zotsatira za mphamvu ndi kusamuka, komwe mphamvu ndi zotsatira za mphamvu ndi mphamvu yamagetsi. Ubale pakati pa ntchito, mphamvu, ndi kusamuka ukufotokozedwa kudzera mu equation ili pansipa:

Ngati ma equation awiri omwe ali pamwambapa aphatikizidwa pamodzi, equation yatsopano imapangidwa motere:

Kufotokozera: E = Munda wamagetsi, V_ab= kusiyana komwe kungachitike pakati pa mfundo ziwiri, mwachitsanzo mfundo a ndi b, d = mtunda pakati pa mfundo ziwiri.

Chigawo cha kusiyana kwa mphamvu ndi Volt ndipo chigawo cha mtunda ndi mita kuti mphamvu yamagetsi iwonetsedwe mu mayunitsi a Volt pa mita (V/m).
Equation iyi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kudziwa gawo lamagetsi (lofanana) ngati kusiyana kwa kuthekera pakati pa mfundo ziwiri ndi mtunda pakati pawo kukudziwika. Malinga ndi equation, gawo lamagetsi limagwirizana ndi kuthekera ndipo limasiyana ndi mtunda. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mphamvu ikakhala yayikulu, mphamvu yamagetsi imakhala yayikulu, ndipo mtunda ukakhala waukulu, mphamvu yamagetsi imakhala yochepa.