Mitundu ya Ma Turbine ndi Ntchito Zawo mu Machitidwe a Mphamvu ya Madzi
Malo opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi (hydroelectric power plants - PLTA) ndi gwero lofunikira la mphamvu yongowonjezwdwanso kuti likwaniritse zosowa za magetsi padziko lonse lapansi. Gawo lofunika kwambiri pa malo opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi ndi turbine, yomwe imasintha mphamvu yamadzi kukhala mphamvu yamakina kuti iyendetse jenereta. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma turbine, iliyonse ili ndi makhalidwe ake ndi ntchito zake. M'nkhaniyi, tikambirana mitundu ya ma turbine omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi ndi momwe mtundu uliwonse umagwiritsidwira ntchito mu makina opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi.
1. Pelton Turbine
Turbine ya Pelton ndi mtundu wa turbine yopumira yomwe imapangidwira malo omwe madzi ambiri komanso kuchuluka kwa madzi oyenda pang'ono. Turbine iyi imagwira ntchito motsatira mfundo yakuti madzi otuluka mu nozzle amagunda m'thumba la gudumu la turbine. Kuyenda kwa madzi amphamvu kwambiri kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti gudumu la turbine lizizungulira bwino kwambiri.
Mapulogalamu:
Ma turbine a Pelton ndi oyenera magetsi omwe ali m'malo amapiri kapena m'malo okhala ndi mapaipi amphamvu omwe amataya mphamvu zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, malo ambiri opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ku Norway amagwiritsa ntchito ma turbine a Pelton chifukwa malo okhala ndi mapiri amakonda mtundu uwu wa turbine.
2. Francis turbine
Turbine yodziwika bwino yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mumakina opangira magetsi ndi Francis turbine. Mtundu uwu wa turbine yochitira zinthu umagwira ntchito pokakamiza madzi opanikizika kudzera mu stator blades kulowa mu rotor yozungulira. Francis turbines imatha kugwira ntchito bwino m'malo osiyanasiyana ogwa ndi kuyenda kwa madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yosinthasintha kwambiri.
Mapulogalamu:
Ma turbine a Francis nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale opanga magetsi okhala ndi madontho apakati mpaka okwera komanso kuchuluka kwa madzi oyenda pang'onopang'ono mpaka kwakukulu. Mapulojekiti akuluakulu opangira magetsi monga Three Gorges Hydroelectric Power Plant ku China amagwiritsa ntchito ma turbine a Francis.
3. Kaplan Turbine
Mtundu wina wa turbine womwe nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale opangira magetsi ndi Kaplan turbine. Iyi ndi turbine yoyendetsedwa ndi propeller yokhala ndi masamba osinthika. Turbine ya Kaplan idapangidwa makamaka kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito pochepetsa madontho komanso madzi ambiri.
Mapulogalamu:
Ma turbine a Kaplan nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mitsinje ikuluikulu yokhala ndi madzi ambiri koma kusiyana pang'ono kwa kutalika, monga komwe kumapezeka m'malo opangira magetsi pa mitsinje ikuluikulu ku Europe ndi North America, monga Mitsinje ya Danube ndi Mississippi.
4. Turbine ya Turgo
Turgo turbine ndi mtundu wa impulse turbine, wofanana ndi Pelton turbine, koma woyenera kuyenda kwa madzi ambiri komanso kutsika pang'ono. Turbine iyi imagwiritsa ntchito madzi othamanga omwe amagunda masamba a turbine pa ngodya inayake kuti ayendetse rotor.
Mapulogalamu:
Popeza ma Turgo Turbines amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri pamadzi othamanga kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ma Pelton Turbines, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale ang'onoang'ono mpaka apakati m'malo omwe madzi amatsika pang'ono komanso madzi othamanga kwambiri, omwe amapezeka m'mapulojekiti ambiri a micro-hydro padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka ku Greenland ndi madera ena a South America.
5. Crossflow Turbine (Banki-Michel)
Ma turbine odutsa madzi kapena nthawi zina otchedwa Banki-Michel ndi ma turbine othamanga omwe amapangidwira kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo omwe madzi amatsika pang'ono mpaka pang'ono komanso madzi amasinthasintha. Madzi amadutsa mu turbine mopingasa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mphamvu zambiri zamagetsi.
Mapulogalamu:
Ma turbine oyenda pansi amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale amagetsi ang'onoang'ono ndi ang'onoang'ono, oyenera midzi yakutali kapena madera akumidzi omwe amafunikira njira yosavuta yomangira komanso yotsika mtengo yamagetsi. Mapulojekiti ku Nepal ndi Indonesia ndi zitsanzo za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakukulu kwa mtundu uwu wa turbine.
6. Babu la Turbine
Turbine ya babu, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti tubular turbine, ndi mtundu wa turbine ya Kaplan yomwe idapangidwa makamaka kuti igwire ntchito pansi pa madzi pamadamu kapena zipata za sluice. Turbine izi zili ndi zigawo zake za jenereta zomwe zimayikidwa mu kapangidwe kosalowa madzi (babu), zomwe zimathandiza kuti mphamvu zambiri zisinthe.
Mapulogalamu:
Malo opangira magetsi amagetsi a turbine nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'malo omwe madzi ake amatsika pang'ono, monga m'mphepete mwa mitsinje kapena m'malo omwe madzi amatuluka. Zitsanzo za ukadaulo uwu zimapezeka m'madamu akuluakulu angapo a mitsinje ku South Korea.
Kusankha Turbine Kutengera ndi Mikhalidwe ya Madzi
Kusankha mtundu wa turbine kumadalira kwambiri momwe madzi alili pamalo opangira magetsi. Zinthu zingapo zimakhudza kusankha uku, kuphatikizapo:
1. Mutu (Dontho): Kutalika kwa dontho la madzi kudzachepetsa mtundu wa turbine yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Ma turbine a Pelton ndi oyenera mitu yayitali, pomwe ma turbine a Kaplan ndi abwino kwambiri pa mitu yotsika.
2. Kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe akuyenda: Kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe akuyenda kumatsimikizira kwambiri momwe turbine imagwirira ntchito. Kutsika kwa madzi ndi koyenera ma turbine a Pelton, pomwe kuthamanga kwambiri ndi koyenera ma turbine a Kaplan kapena mababu.
3. Kusinthasintha kwa Mayendedwe: Kuthekera kwa kusintha kwa kuyenda kwa madzi chaka chonse kumakhudzanso kusankha kwa ma turbine. Ma turbine okhala ndi masamba osinthika, monga Kaplan, amatha kusinthasintha pogwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana kuposa ma turbine osasinthasintha.
Ukadaulo Wamakono ndi Wamtsogolo
Pamodzi ndi kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo, ma turbine ogwiritsira ntchito magetsi akupitilizabe kusintha. Ukadaulo wamakono monga kulamulira kwa digito ndi kuyang'anira pogwiritsa ntchito IoT (Internet of Things) wayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti akonze bwino komanso kudalirika kwa ntchito za ma turbine ogwiritsira ntchito madzi. Kafukufuku wa zinthu zopepuka komanso mapangidwe atsopano a aerodynamic akupitiliranso kuti akonze magwiridwe antchito ndikuchepetsa ndalama zokonzera.
Kuphatikiza apo, ma turbine atsopano monga ma turbine ochezeka ndi nsomba omwe adapangidwa kuti achepetse kuwononga kwa zamoyo zam'madzi m'chilengedwe akukhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakupanga ma turbine amakono.
Mapeto
Ma turbine ndi mtima wa makina opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi, ndipo kusankha mtundu wa turbine kumakhudza kwambiri magwiridwe antchito, magwiridwe antchito, komanso kukhazikika kwa malo opangira magetsi. Ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma turbine omwe alipo, kuphatikiza Pelton, Francis, Kaplan, Turgo, Crossflow, ndi Bulb, malo aliwonse amatha kusankha turbine yoyenera bwino mikhalidwe yake yamadzi. Ukadaulo ukupitilira kupita patsogolo, kupereka mayankho atsopano komanso ogwira mtima kwambiri opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale imodzi mwamagwero ofunikira kwambiri amagetsi obwezerezedwanso padziko lonse lapansi pakufunafuna mphamvu zoyera komanso zokhazikika.
