Momwe Mungasankhire Mtundu Woyenera wa Damu la Zomera Zamagetsi Zamagetsi
Malo opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi (PLTA) akadali amodzi mwa magwero odalirika kwambiri a mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa chifukwa cha magetsi omwe amakhala nthawi yayitali komanso okhazikika, ndalama zochepa zogwirira ntchito, komanso mpweya wochepa wa kaboni poyerekeza ndi malo opangira magetsi ochokera ku zinthu zakale. Komabe, kupambana kwa malo opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi sikudalira kokha ma turbine ndi majenereta, komanso chisankho choyamba: kusankha mtundu woyenera wa damu. Kusankha kosayenera kungayambitse ndalama zambiri zomangira, zoopsa zambiri zachitetezo, zotsatirapo zazikulu zachilengedwe, komanso mphamvu zochepa zopangira magetsi.
Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza momwe mungasankhire mtundu wa damu la magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi—kuyambira pa malo, momwe zinthu zilili pa nthaka, zosowa za mphamvu, mpaka kuganizira za chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe—komanso kuzindikira mitundu ya madamu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
-
1. Kumvetsetsa cholinga cha madamu mu mphamvu ya madzi
Madamu m'mafakitale opangira magetsi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ntchito imodzi kapena zingapo mwa izi:
1. Pangani madzi ambiri (mutu) kuti turbine ipeze mphamvu zokwanira.
2. Sungani madzi (malo osungira) kuti azitha kuyendetsa bwino madzi kuti jenereta izigwira ntchito bwino nthawi yachilimwe.
3. Kulamulira kusefukira kwa madzi, kusunga chitetezo cha m'mphepete mwa mtsinje komanso kuteteza zomangamanga.
4. Kukhazikitsa magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yokweza kapena yotsika mphamvu.
Kuchokera apa, zofunikira pa polojekitiyi zikuwonekera bwino: kodi mukufuna dziwe lalikulu komanso njira yothanirana ndi madzi, kapena kodi pali dziwe laling'ono lokwanira kukweza madzi mu dongosolo la mtsinje?
-
2. Mitundu yodziwika bwino ya madamu amagetsi opangidwa ndi madzi
Musanasankhe, ndikofunikira kuzindikira makhalidwe a mtundu uliwonse wa damu:
a) Damu la Embankment
Yopangidwa ndi nthaka kapena miyala, nthawi zambiri yokhala ndi pakati pa dongo kapena nembanemba yosalowa madzi.
– Ubwino: yoyenera zigwa zazikulu, zosinthasintha mosavuta ku nthaka, zipangizo zitha kupezeka m'deralo.
– Zoyipa: imafuna zinthu zambiri; imafuna kapangidwe kabwino kwambiri kowongolera madzi.
Madamu a m'mphepete mwa nyanja nthawi zambiri amasankhidwa pamene malowo ali ndi dothi/miyala yambiri ndipo maziko ake si abwino kwambiri pakupanga konkire yaikulu.
b) Damu la Konkire
Kudalira kulemera kwake kuti kupewe kupanikizika kwa madzi.
– Ubwino: yokhazikika, yogwira ntchito nthawi yayitali, yosavuta kuphatikiza njira yotulutsira madzi ndi njira yolowera madzi.
– Zoyipa: zimafuna maziko olimba a miyala; mtengo wokwera wa konkire; zoyenera kuzigwa zopapatiza mpaka zapakati.
Ndi chisankho chodziwika bwino cha mafakitale opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi omwe ali ndi zofunikira zowongolera bwino komanso maziko abwino.
c) Damu la Konkire la Arch
Kapangidwe kokhota kamayendetsa mphamvuyo kupita ku phiri la chigwa (abutment).
– Ubwino: konkire yotsika mtengo kuposa madamu okoka mphamvu; yothandiza kwambiri pazigwa zopapatiza ndi miyala yolimba.
– Zoyipa: zimafuna mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri ya nthaka; kapangidwe ndi kapangidwe kake ndizovuta kwambiri.
Madamu a Arch nthawi zambiri amasankhidwa m'malo okhala ndi matanthwe otsetsereka, opapatiza komanso miyala yolimba.
d) Damu la Buttress
Makoma a konkriti amathandizidwa ndi makoma.
– Ubwino: kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo za konkriti kungakhale kotsika mtengo kuposa madamu okoka mphamvu yokoka.
– Zoyipa: kapangidwe kovuta, malo ambiri olumikizirana—kukonza ndi kuyang'anira n'kofunika.
Sizogwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri kuposa mitundu itatu ikuluikulu, koma zitha kukhala zofunikira pazifukwa zina.
e) Malo Otsetsereka/Malo Otsetsereka a Mtsinje
Kapangidwe kake ndi kochepa, kamayang'ana kwambiri pakusinthasintha kwa madzi komanso kusasintha kwa madzi.
- Ubwino: kuchepa kwa madzi osefukira; koyenera mapulojekiti ofulumira komanso kopepuka poganizira za chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe.
– Zoyipa: mphamvu imadalira kwambiri kutuluka kwa magetsi m'nyengo; kusinthasintha kochepa kwa ntchito.
Ndondomekoyi ndi yoyenera ngati pali kutulutsa madzi okwanira chaka chonse ndipo cholinga chake ndi malo opangira magetsi opanda thanki lalikulu.
-
3. Zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimasankha mtundu wa damu
1) Malo okhala m'chigwa ndi mitsinje
Kujambula kwa malo ndiye chizindikiro choyamba:
– Zigwa zopapatiza ndi matanthwe olimba → madamu a arch nthawi zambiri amakhala otsika mtengo kwambiri.
– Chigwa chapakati → damu la mphamvu yokoka kapena miyala/dothi lodzaza nthaka lingaganiziridwe.
– Zigwa zazikulu → madamu a m’mphepete mwa nyanja nthawi zambiri amakhala oyenera chifukwa kumanga konkire m’mphepete mwa chigwacho kungakhale kokwera mtengo kwambiri.
Kuwonjezera pa mawonekedwe a chigwacho, ganizirani kutalika komwe kumafunika kuti mutu ufike. Ngati mutu waukulu ungatheke popanda dziwe lalikulu (monga, kudzera m'matanthwe ndi m'matanthwe), mutha kuchepetsa kufunikira kwa damu lalikulu.
2) Mikhalidwe ya nthaka ndi maziko
Sayansi ya nthaka imatsimikiza ngati damu lingakhale "lotetezeka":
– Mwala wolimba komanso wosaya kwambiri → umathandizira mphamvu yokoka/chipilala.
– Dothi lokhuthala la dothi, dothi lokhala ndi nthaka yonyowa → loyenera kwambiri kumangidwa, koma likufunikabe kukonzedwa maziko (grouting, khoma lodulidwa, mulu wa pepala, ndi zina zotero).
– Zoopsa zake: kutuluka kwa madzi, kukokoloka kwa mapaipi (kuchepa kwa madzi), kukhazikika kwa madzi, komanso kukhazikika kwa mapiri.
Mu madamu a arch, ubwino wa ma abutment ndi wofunika kwambiri chifukwa katunduyo amasamutsidwira ku thanthwe; mu madamu okoka mphamvu, maziko ayenera kukhala okhoza kupirira mphamvu zometa ndi kugubuduza.
3) Hydrology: kutayira madzi, kusefukira kwa madzi komwe kukukonzekera, ndi kusinthasintha kwa nyengo
Deta yamadzi imatsimikiza kukula kwa njira yotayira madzi ndi kuchuluka kwa malo osungira:
– Ngati mtsinje uli ndi kusefukira kwakukulu, damu liyenera kukhala ndi njira yokwanira yotulutsira madzi komanso njira yotetezeka yochotsera madzi osefukira.
- Ngati kutuluka kwa madzi kumachitika nthawi zambiri, malo osungiramo madzi akuluakulu angathandize kuti magetsi azigwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yachilimwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madamu osungiramo madzi azikhala ofunika kwambiri kuposa mitsinje.
Kulephera kumvetsetsa za hydrology nthawi zambiri kumasiya mapulojekiti ndi kupanga kosakhazikika kapena chiopsezo cha madzi ambiri.
4) Kuwonongeka kwa zinyalala ndi kuwonongeka kwa malo osungira madzi
Madzi oundana amafupikitsa nthawi ya dziwe ndipo amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa malo osungiramo madzi. Pa madera omwe ali ndi kukokoloka kwakukulu:
- Ganizirani mapangidwe a njira zotulutsira madzi m'matope (kutsuka/kutsuka), njira yodutsa madzi m'matope, kapena ntchito zomwe zimachepetsa kudzikundikira kwa madzi m'matope.
– Madamu ang'onoang'ono oyenda mumtsinje/madzi osungiramo madzi nthawi zina amalekerera kwambiri kutayikira kwa nthaka kuposa madamu akuluakulu osungiramo madzi, kutengera njira yoyendetsera.
Kusankha mtundu wa damu kumagwirizananso ndi kusavutikira kwa kayendetsedwe ka matope ndi njira yowakonzera.
5) Zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito jenereta: katundu woyambira poyerekeza ndi kulemera kwa peak
– Kulemera kwa madzi: kumafuna madzi okhazikika → malo osungira madzi ndi kasamalidwe ka madzi otuluka m'madzi ndizofunikira kwambiri.
– Kukwera: kumafuna kusinthasintha kuti muwonjezere mphamvu mwachangu → kumafuna kuwongolera kokwanira kwa kayendedwe ka madzi ndi kuchuluka kosungira.
Madamu okhala ndi malo osungira madzi akuluakulu amapereka kusinthasintha kwa ntchito, koma chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa madzi osefukira komanso zotsatirapo za chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe.
6) Zipangizo zakomweko, mwayi wopezera zinthu, ndi ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa moyo wonse
Chisankho "cholondola" kwambiri sichimangokhala chotsika mtengo pachiyambi, komanso chanzeru kwambiri pa moyo wonse wa polojekitiyi.
– Ngati malowo ali ndi miyala yambiri ndipo konkire ndi yovuta kufikako → malo odzaza miyala angakhale abwino kwambiri.
– Ngati msewu uli bwino ndipo maziko ake ndi abwino → mphamvu yokoka/chipilala cha denga chingakhale chotsika mtengo komanso cholimba.
- Ganiziraninso ndalama zokonzera, kuwunika, ndi zosowa zowonjezera zamtsogolo.
7) Chitetezo ndi zoopsa za masoka
Kusankha mtundu wa madzi kuyenera kuganizira izi:
– Zivomezi: mitundu ina ya makoma amadzi nthawi zambiri amakhala “osinthasintha”, koma ayenera kupangidwa kuti azitha kusungunuka ndi kukhazikika.
- Kugumuka kwa nthaka m'madzi osungiramo madzi, ma tsunami m'nyanja, komanso kukhazikika kwa mapiri.
- Njira zowunikira ndi mapulani othandizira anthu mwadzidzidzi (EAP) ziyenera kukhalapo kuyambira pachiyambi.
Palibe mtundu uliwonse womwe ndi wotetezeka kwambiri; chitetezo chimatsimikiziridwa ndi kuyenerera kwa kapangidwe kake malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili m'deralo komanso mtundu wa zomangamanga.
8) Zotsatira za chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu
Mabomba akuluakulu angayambitse:
- kusamutsa anthu,
- kusintha kwa zachilengedwe za mitsinje,
- zopinga zosamuka kwa nsomba,
– kusintha kwa khalidwe la madzi (kugawikana kwa madzi, kuchuluka kwa mpweya m'madzi).
Ngati kukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chilengedwe kuli kwakukulu, kapangidwe ka damu loyenda kuchokera mumtsinje kapena la m'munsi kangachepetse kukhudzidwako, kuphatikiza makwerero a nsomba, kuyenda kwa madzi m'chilengedwe, ndi mapulogalamu omveka bwino obwezera ndalama.
-
4. Njira yogwiritsira ntchito posankha mtundu wa damu (chisankho)
Zotsatirazi ndi njira zazifupi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa kafukufuku wotheka:
1. Khazikitsani zolinga za mphamvu ndi machitidwe ogwirira ntchito (mphamvu ya MW, kupanga kwa GWh pachaka, maziko/chiwerengero).
2. Kafukufuku wa malo: sankhani malo angapo omwe mukufuna (njira zina zomwe mungatsatire).
3. Kafukufuku woyamba wa geology: mapu a miyala, zolakwika, kuya kwa maziko, kuyesa kulowera kwa nthaka.
4. Kusanthula kwa madzi: nthawi yozungulira kayendedwe ka madzi, kusefukira kwa madzi, momwe nyengo ilili.
5. Yerekezerani mitundu ingapo ya madamu (monga miyala yodzaza ndi mphamvu yokoka ndi arch) ndi lingaliro loyambirira la kapangidwe kake.
6. Kuwunika nthawi ya dothi ndi nthawi ya dziwe losungiramo madzi.
7. Maphunziro okhudza chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zilolezo: zindikirani zoopsa zazikulu kwambiri.
8. Kusanthula zachuma: CAPEX, OPEX, zoopsa zomanga, ndi ndalama zochepetsera mavuto.
9. Sankhani njira yabwino kwambiri kutengera mfundo zosiyanasiyana (zaukadaulo, mtengo, chitetezo, ndi zotsatira).
Njira imeneyi imathandiza kuonetsetsa kuti zisankho sizikukondera chifukwa cha chinthu chimodzi chokha monga mtengo woyambira.
-
5. Chitsanzo cha zinthu zofunika kuziganizira posankha (chithunzi)
– Nkhani A: Chigwa chopapatiza, thanthwe lolimba, mutu wautali
Madamu a Arch akhoza kukhala othandiza kwambiri chifukwa cha kusunga kwawo zinthu, koma kufufuza za abutment kuyenera kukhala kokhwima kwambiri.
– Mlandu B: Chigwa chachikulu, zinthu zambiri zodzaza, maziko osafanana
Malo osungira miyala/malo osungira nthaka ndi oyenera kwambiri chifukwa ndi osinthasintha, okhala ndi njira yodulira madzi yokonzedwa bwino komanso yotulutsira madzi.
– Nkhani C: Malo omwe anthu amakhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe, kutuluka kwa madzi kumakhala kokhazikika chaka chonse
Mitsinje yoyendamo yokhala ndi makoma otsika komanso njira zopatutsira madzi/matanthwe amatha kuchepetsa kusefukira kwa madzi—ngakhale kuti kupanga madzi kungakhudzidwe kwambiri ndi nthawi ya chilimwe.
-
Mapeto
Kusankha mtundu wa damu la chomera chamagetsi chamadzi ndi chisankho chanzeru chomwe chimafuna kulinganiza pakati pa malo, nthaka, madzi, kusungunuka kwa nthaka, zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, kayendetsedwe ka ndalama, komanso zotsatira za chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe. Palibe mtundu umodzi wa damu womwe uli wabwino kwambiri m'malo onse. Damu labwino kwambiri ndi lomwe limagwirizana bwino ndi mikhalidwe yakomweko, ndi lotetezeka kwa nthawi yayitali, ndi lotsika mtengo pa moyo wake wonse, komanso lovomerezeka pagulu komanso pa chilengedwe.
Ngati mukufuna, ndingakuthandizeni kupanga tebulo loyerekeza pakati pa mitundu ya madamu (zofunikira: mikhalidwe ya chigwa, maziko, ndalama, zoopsa, zotsatira), kapena kupanga mtundu waukadaulo wa nkhaniyi ndi zitsanzo za kuwerengera kosavuta kwa mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi amadzi.
