Momwe Ma Turbine a Kaplan Amagwirira Ntchito Pakuyenda kwa Madzi Ochepa
Malo opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi (hydroelectric power plants - HPPs) amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya madzi komanso kayendedwe kake kuti apange magetsi. Komabe, si malo onse omwe ali ndi mitsinje ikuluikulu yamadzi kapena mafunde othamanga mofulumira. Mitsinje yambiri, ngalande zothirira, ndi madamu otsika amadziwika ndi kuyenda kwa liwiro lotsika kwambiri ndi mitsinje yotsika mpaka yapakati. Muzochitika izi, kusankha mtundu wa turbine ndi chinthu chomwe chimatsimikizira ngati pulojekiti yamagetsi idzakhala yothandiza komanso yopindulitsa pazachuma. Limodzi mwa mayankho odziwika bwino pazochitika zotere ndi turbine ya Kaplan, turbine yochitapo kanthu yomwe idapangidwa kuti ikhale yogwira ntchito bwino pamitsinje yotsika komanso kutulutsa madzi ambiri - nthawi zambiri yogwirizana ndi kuyenda kwa madzi kotsika.
Kumvetsetsa makhalidwe a kuyenda kwa liwiro lochepa
Madzi oyenda pang'onopang'ono nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'malo otsika kapena m'mitsinje yotsetsereka pang'onopang'ono. M'malo awa, kusiyana kwa kutalika pakati pa kumtunda ndi kumunsi kwa mtsinje ndi kochepa, kotero mphamvu zomwe zilipo komanso mphamvu zomwe zingatheke zimakhala zochepa poyerekeza ndi m'malo opangira magetsi m'mapiri. Komabe, madera awa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi madzi akuluakulu komanso okhazikika, makamaka otsika kuchokera ku mitsinje ikuluikulu kapena ngalande zothirira. Vuto lalikulu ndikusintha mphamvu kuchokera ku madzi "odekha" kukhala makina ozungulira amphamvu mokwanira kuyendetsa jenereta.
Apa ndi pomwe turbine ya Kaplan imawonetsa ubwino wake: m'malo modalira liwiro la jet yamadzi yothamanga kwambiri ngati turbine ya impulse (monga Pelton), Kaplan imagwiritsa ntchito kuphatikiza kwa kupanikizika ndi kuyenda mkati mwa nyumba ya turbine (spiral casing ndi runner) kuti ipange torque.
Kodi turbine ya Kaplan ndi chiyani?
Turbine ya Kaplan ndi turbine yamadzi yofanana ndi reaction yokhala ndi axial flow—madzi amayenda motsatira axis ya turbine. Runner yake imafanana ndi propeller ya sitimayo, koma ili ndi ukadaulo wovuta kwambiri. Chinthu chachikulu chapadera cha Kaplan ndi mabala ake othamanga osinthasintha komanso ma vane owongolera osinthika (ma wicket gates). Kapangidwe kawirikawiri kameneka kamapangitsa Kaplan kukhala yosinthika kwambiri ku kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi mutu.
Kawirikawiri, Kaplan ndi yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo otsika kwambiri (nthawi zambiri pafupifupi mamita 2-30, kutengera kapangidwe kake) komanso kuchuluka kwa madzi. Izi zimachitika kawirikawiri m'malo otsika kwambiri, chifukwa kuti mupeze mphamvu zambiri popanda kuthamanga kwambiri, makinawo ayenera kudalira kuchuluka kwa madzi.
Nchifukwa chiyani Kaplan imagwira ntchito bwino pakuyenda kwa liwiro lotsika?
1. Yopangidwira mutu wotsika komanso kutulutsa kwakukulu
Mphamvu ya hydraulic imatha kumveka mosavuta kudzera mu ubale: mphamvu imawonjezeka ndi kutulutsa kwakukulu (Q) ndi/kapena mutu (H). Pakuyenda kwa liwiro lochepa, H nthawi zambiri imakhala yaying'ono. Chifukwa chake, njira yanzeru ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kutulutsa. Turbine ya Kaplan ili ndi geometry ndi njira yoyendetsera madzi yomwe imalola madzi ambiri kuyenda ndi kutayika pang'ono.
Kaplan runner ndi yayikulu m'mimba mwake ndipo imatha kugwira mphamvu kuchokera ku madzi oyenda pang'onopang'ono. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngakhale madzi sakuyenda mofulumira kwambiri, turbine imatha kupanga mphamvu yokwanira.
2. Tsamba lothamanga likhoza kukongoletsedwa kuti lizigwira ntchito bwino.
M'mitsinje yambiri, kutuluka kwa madzi kumasiyana malinga ndi nyengo. Ngati turbine sikusintha, mphamvu yake imachepa kwambiri pakatuluka madzi ochepa kapena pamene mutu wake ukusintha. Mu turbine ya Kaplan, masamba othamanga amatha kuzunguliridwa kuti asinthe ngodya ya kuukira poyerekeza ndi madzi. Izi ndizofunikira chifukwa ngodya yolondola ya kuukira idzakhala:
- kuchepetsa kusokonezeka kwa mpweya,
- kuchepetsa kutayika kwa mphamvu,
- pewani malo otsetsereka mumtsinje,
- ndi kusunga magwiridwe antchito moyenera pansi pa mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana yogwirira ntchito.
Mphamvu imeneyi imapangitsa Kaplan kukhala yabwino kuposa ma turbine osavuta a propeller (masamba okhazikika) omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala abwino kwambiri pamalo amodzi ogwirira ntchito.
3. Chipata cha wicket chimayendetsa bwino kayendedwe ka madzi
Kuwonjezera pa kusintha kwa tsamba la wothamanga, Kaplan ilinso ndi zipata za wicket zomwe zimatha kutsegulidwa ndi kutsekedwa kuti ziwongolere kuchuluka kwa madzi olowa mu wothamanga. Pakuthamanga pang'ono, kuwongolera kuyenda kwa madzi ndikofunikira kuti pakhale kuzungulira kwa turbine kokhazikika komanso kutulutsa kwa jenereta. Zipata za wicket zimathandiza kuwongolera kuyenda kwa madzi mu wothamanga mwanjira yoyenera (kuchepetsa kuzungulira kosafunikira), motero kukulitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwa madzi.
Kuphatikiza kwa chipata cha wicket ndi kulamulira kwa tsamba la pitch nthawi zambiri kumatchedwa kuti double regulation, ndipo ichi ndi "chida chachikulu" cha Kaplan chothana ndi kusiyana kwa kutulutsa madzi komwe kumachitika m'mitsinje yapansi.
4. Kuyenda kwa Axial kumachepetsa kutayika kwa mphamvu
Kaplan turbine imayenda mozungulira, molunjika pang'ono motsatira mzere. Njira yosavuta yoyendera imachepetsa kutayika chifukwa cha kusintha kwakukulu kwa njira. Pansi pa mphamvu zochepa (mutu wochepa), kutayika kulikonse kumakhala kwakukulu. Kapangidwe ka Kaplan kamayesetsa kutsimikizira kusintha kwa kuthamanga kwa madzi ndi liwiro kukhala mphamvu yamakina kogwira mtima kwambiri.
Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito chubu chokoka mpweya pamalo otulutsira mpweya kumathandiza kubweza mphamvu zina zotsala za kuthamanga/kuthamanga, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu zonse zigwire bwino ntchito. Kwa malo omwe ali ndi liwiro lochepa, kubweza mphamvu kumeneku kudzera mu chubu chokoka mpweya n'kofunika kwambiri.
Kuyerekeza mwachidule ndi ma turbine ena
Kaplan motsutsana ndi Pelton
Ma turbine a Pelton ndi abwino kwambiri pa ma heads okwera, kuthamanga pang'ono, komanso ma jets othamanga kwambiri. Pa kuthamanga pang'ono komanso kuthamanga pang'ono, ma turbine a Pelton ndi osakwanira chifukwa alibe mphamvu zokwanira zopangira jet yamphamvu. Ma turbine a Kaplan ndi oyenera kwambiri chifukwa amagwira ntchito ngati ma turbine ochitira, pogwiritsa ntchito kuyenda kwakukulu.
Kaplan motsutsana ndi Francis
Ma turbine a Francis nthawi zambiri amakhala oyenera ma medium head. Pa ma low head, ma turbine a Francis amatha kugwira ntchito koma nthawi zambiri sagwira ntchito bwino ngati ma Kaplan turbine, makamaka pamene kuchuluka kwa madzi kumasinthasintha. Ma turbine a Kaplan nthawi zambiri ndi omwe amasankhidwa kwambiri pama projekiti a low head.
Kaplan vs Crossflow
Ma turbine oyenda pansi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa sikelo zazing'ono chifukwa cha kapangidwe kawo kosavuta, mtengo wotsika, komanso kupirira dothi. Komabe, kugwira ntchito kwawo nthawi zambiri kumakhala kochepa poyerekeza ndi kwa ma turbine a Kaplan pakugwiritsa ntchito madzi ambiri komanso ntchito zomwe zimafuna kugwira ntchito bwino kwambiri. Pamene cholinga chake chili champhamvu komanso kugwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, ma turbine a Kaplan nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mphamvu.
Kugwiritsa ntchito turbine ya Kaplan mu liwiro lotsika
Ma turbine a Kaplan amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu:
– Mphamvu yamagetsi yochokera mumtsinje (yopanda malo osungiramo madzi akuluakulu) m'mitsinje ya m'zigwa,
- dziwe lotsika (damu lotsika),
- ngalande zothirira madzi zomwe zimakhala ndi madzi otuluka bwino,
- mapulojekiti akuluakulu okhala ndi ma hydro ochepa koma odzaza ndi madzi ambiri.
Ponena za mphamvu zamakono zongowonjezedwanso, njira ya Kaplan ndiyofunikanso chifukwa imalola kugwiritsa ntchito malo omwe kale ankaonedwa kuti ndi abwino kwambiri chifukwa chosowa malo okwera. Pokonzekera bwino, ngakhale mitsinje "yodekha" imatha kupanga magetsi ambiri.
Mavuto ndi zinthu zofunika kuziganizira
Ngakhale kuti ndi yabwino kwambiri pakuyenda mofulumira, turbine ya Kaplan ili ndi zovuta zake:
1. Kuvuta kwa makina: makina owongolera ma phula pa masamba othamanga amawonjezera zinthu zosuntha ndi zofunikira pakusamalira.
2. Mtengo woyambirira: nthawi zambiri ndi wokwera mtengo kuposa ma turbine osavuta chifukwa cha kulondola kwa kupanga ndi njira zowongolera.
3. Kutsekeka kwa chitseko: pamitu yotsika komanso mikhalidwe ina yogwirira ntchito, chiopsezo cha kutsekeka kwa chitseko chingachitike, kotero kapangidwe ka chitoliro, kupanikizika ndi kapangidwe ka chubu choyendetsera mpweya ziyenera kuwerengedwa mosamala.
4. Ubwino wa madzi: zinyalala, zinyalala, ndi zinthu zokwawa zimatha kufulumizitsa kuwonongeka kwa masamba ndi zigawo zake, kotero njira yosefera (chosungira zinyalala) ndi kasamalidwe ka zinyalala ndizofunikira.
Komabe, pa mapulojekiti ambiri, ubwino wa Kaplan wochita bwino komanso luso lake lotha kusintha zinthu zitha kuchepetsa ndalama zowonjezerazi kudzera mu kupanga mphamvu kokhazikika komanso kokwera chaka chonse.
Mapeto
Turbine ya Kaplan ndi yoyenera kuyenda kwa madzi mwachangu chifukwa idapangidwa kuti igwire ntchito bwino kwambiri pamitu yotsika komanso kutulutsa madzi ambiri, zinthu ziwiri zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayenderana ndi kuyenda kwa mitsinje m'malo otsika. Kuchita bwino kwake kumathandizidwa ndi kapangidwe ka kayendedwe ka axial, kugwiritsa ntchito machubu odulira, komanso ubwino waukulu wa kulamulira kawiri: zipata za wicket zimawongolera kutuluka kwa madzi ndipo masamba othamanga osinthika amasunga ngodya yoyenera yowukira m'mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, Kaplan ndi chisankho chodalirika chowonjezera mphamvu ya kuyenda kwa madzi komwe sikuthamanga kwambiri koma kochuluka - kuthandiza kukulitsa mwayi wopanga magetsi amadzi oyera komanso okhazikika.
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kusintha nkhaniyi kuti ikhale yaukadaulo kwambiri (yokhala ndi mphamvu, magwiridwe antchito, ndi njira zowerengera magwiridwe antchito), kapena yotchuka kwambiri kwa owerenga ambiri, komanso kuwonjezera zitsanzo za maphunziro a Kaplan hydropower pamitsinje inayake.
