Chiphunzitso cha mphamvu chogawa mphamvu chinachokera m'malingaliro ndi Clerk Maxwell pogwiritsa ntchito njira zowerengera. Chimatchedwa chiphunzitso chifukwa palibe umboni kudzera mu kuyesa. Kugawa mphamvu kumatanthauza kugawa mphamvu mofanana.
KE = mphamvu yapakati yosinthira ya mamolekyu a mpweya (Joule)
k = nthawi zonse ya Boltzmann = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K
T = kutentha kwathunthu kwa molekyulu yoyenera ya mpweya (Kelvin)
Mphamvu ya kinetic yomasulira imachokera ku kayendedwe ka translational komwe kali ndi magawo atatu a liwiro, omwe ndi gawo la liwiro pa x-axis, y-axis, ndi z-axis. Pali magawo atatu a liwiro ili, pomwe pali nambala 3 mu equation pamwambapa. Gawo lililonse la liwiro limatchedwa digiri ya ufulu. Chifukwa lili ndi magawo atatu a liwiro, mphamvu ya kinetic yomasulira ili ndi madigiri atatu a ufulu.
Chiphunzitso cha equipment equipment chimati mphamvu yeniyeni iyenera kugawidwa mofanana m'madigiri onse a ufulu. Chifukwa chake, mphamvu yapakati pa digiri iliyonse ya ufulu ndi 1/2 kT.
Mamolekyulu a mpweya wa Monatomic
Mamolekyu a mpweya wa monatomu amangopanga kayendedwe komasulira kotero kuti mamolekyu a mpweya wa monatomu ali ndi madigiri atatu a ufulu.
Mphamvu yapakati ya kinetic ya molekyulu iliyonse ya mpweya wa monatomic ndi:
3 (1/2 kT) = 3/2 kT = 3/2 nRT.
Mphamvu ya kutentha ya mamolekyulu a mpweya wa monatomic:
C = 3/2 R = 3/2 (8.315 J / mol. K) = 12.47 J/Kg. K
Mamolekyu a mpweya wa diatomu
Kuwonjezera pa kuyenda kosinthira, mamolekyu a mpweya wa diatomu amachitanso kuzungulira ndi kugwedezeka. Chiwerengero cha madigiri a ufulu wosinthira = 3. Kodi digiri ya ufulu wosinthira ndi kugwedezeka ndi yotani?
Pali ma axes atatu ozungulira, omwe ndi ma axes a x, y, ndi Z. Kuyenda kozungulira pa x-axis sikuwerengedwa chifukwa maatomu awiriwa amagwirizana ndi mzere wozungulira. Pogwirizana ndi mzere wa x, nthawi ya inertia ya maatomu awiriwa = 0. Chifukwa chake, chiwerengero cha madigiri a ufulu wozungulira = 2.
Mphamvu yapakati pa molekyulu iliyonse ya mpweya wa diatomu ndi:
3 (1/2 kT) + 2 (1/2 kT) = 5/2 kT = 5/2 n R T.
Mphamvu ya kutentha ya mamolekyulu a mpweya wa diatomic:
C = 5/2 R = 5/2 (8.315 J / mol. K) = 20.79 J / Kg. K
Mphamvu ya kutentha kwa mamolekyulu yomwe imapezeka mwa chiphunzitso ndi yayikulu kuposa mphamvu ya kutentha ya mamolekyulu a mpweya wa diatomu yomwe imapezeka kudzera mu zoyeserera.
Pochita kayendedwe ka kugwedezeka, mamolekyu a mpweya wa diatomu amakhala ndi mitundu iwiri ya mphamvu, yomwe ndi mphamvu ya kinetic ndi mphamvu ya elastic potential. Motero, chiwerengero cha madigiri a ufulu wa kayendedwe ka kugwedezeka = 2.
Mphamvu yapakati pa molekyulu iliyonse ya mpweya wa diatomu ndi:
3 (1/2 kT) + 2 (1/2 kT) + 2 (1/2 kT) = 7/2 kT = 7/2 n R T.
Mphamvu ya kutentha ya mamolekyulu a mpweya wa diatomic:
C = 7/2 R = 7/2 (8,315 J / mol. K) = 29.1 J / Kg. K
Zotsatira za kuyenda kwa kugwedezeka pa mtengo wa mphamvu ya kutentha kwa mamolekyulu a mpweya wa diatomu zimadaliranso kutentha kwamtundu (T). Mayeso omwe adachitika kale amachitika pa kutentha komwe sikuli kwakukulu kwambiri. Mayeso aposachedwa omwe adachitika pa kutentha kwakukulu akuwonetsa kuti mphamvu ya mphamvu ya kutentha kwa mamolekyulu a mpweya imadaliranso kutentha kwamtundu. Kuti timvetse bwino vutoli, tiyeni tiwone kusiyana kwa mphamvu ya kutentha kwa mamolekyulu a mpweya wa haidrojeni pa kutentha kosiyanasiyana.
Haidrojeni (H₂) ikuphatikizapo mpweya wa diatomu. Chithunzi chomwe chili m'mbali chikuwonetsa kusiyana kwa mphamvu ya kutentha kwa mamolekyulu a mpweya wa haidrojeni pa kutentha kosiyanasiyana. Mtengo wa mphamvu ya kutentha kwa mamolekyulu ndi 5/2 R = 20.79 J/Kg. K ili mu kutentha kokha pakati pa 250 K ndi 750 K. Pansi pa 250 K, mphamvu ya kutentha ya mamolekyulu a mpweya wa haidrojeni imachepa nthawi zonse mpaka itafika 3/2 R = 12.47 J/Kg. K. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, pamwamba pa 750 K, mphamvu ya kutentha ya mamolekyulu a mpweya imawonjezeka nthawi ndi nthawi mpaka itafika 7/2 R = 29.1 J/Kg. K.
Kutengera ndi mfundo imeneyi, tinganene kuti kutentha kochepa, mamolekyu a mpweya amangochita kusintha. Kutentha kukakwera, mamolekyu atsopano a mpweya amapanga kusintha kozungulira. Kutentha kwambiri, mamolekyu a mpweya amagundana wina ndi mnzake kotero kuti maatomu amanjenjemera. Chifukwa chake, mitundu itatu iyi ya kuyenda imachitika m'magawo, choyamba kusintha kokha (kutentha kotsika), pambuyo pake kusintha + kuzungulira (kutentha kwapakati) ndi kutembenuza komaliza + kuzungulira + kugwedezeka (kutentha kwakukulu). Kugwedezeka kumachitika kokha ngati mamolekyu a mpweya agundana wina ndi mnzake.
Nkhani ngati izi sizimangochitika pa mpweya wa haidrojeni, komanso pa mpweya wina. Kuchokera ku zoyeserera zomwe asayansi adachita, mphamvu ya kutentha ya mamolekyu a mpweya imasinthanso ndi kutentha. Kusintha komwe kumachitika kumafanana ndi komwe kumachitika ndi mpweya wa haidrojeni, koma chifukwa kapangidwe ka mpweya uliwonse ndi kosiyana (chiwerengero ndi mtundu wa maatomu ndizosiyana), kusintha kwa mphamvu ya kutentha kumachitikanso pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kutentha.
Chiphunzitso cha equipment equipment chimanena kuti mphamvu yonse iyenera kugawidwa mofanana pa digiri iliyonse ya ufulu. Mphamvu yowonjezera yomwe imapezeka ndi mamolekyu a mpweya sigawidwa mofanana pa digiri iliyonse ya ufulu koma imagawidwa pang'onopang'ono. Kuphatikiza apo, equation ya mphamvu ya kutentha kwa molekyulu ya mpweya yomwe tapeza mwa chiphunzitso kutengera chiphunzitso cha kinetic cha mpweya,
amanena kuti mphamvu ya kutentha ya molekyulu imadalira kokha pa R (1/2 R pa digiri iliyonse ya ufulu). Mphamvu ya kutentha ya molekyulu imakhudzidwanso ndi kutentha (T).
Choyamba, tinganene kuti chiphunzitso cha equipartition theorem chimachokera ku classical statistical mechanics, chomwe chimachokera ku malamulo a Newtonian mechanics. Chachiwiri, chiphunzitso cha kinetic cha mpweya chomwe timagwiritsa ntchito pofotokoza mayendedwe a mamolekyu a mpweya chimachokeranso ku malamulo a Newtonian mechanics. Chifukwa chakuti chiphunzitso cha energy equipartition theorem ndi chiphunzitso cha kinetic cha mpweya zaphwanyidwa, tinganene kuti malamulo a Newton a mechanics sangathe kufotokoza mayendedwe omwe amachitika pa atomu kapena molekyulu. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, mechanics ya Newtonian kapena classical mechanics ingangofotokoza mayendedwe a zinthu zazikulu.
