Nkhani yokhudza gawo lamagetsi
Pankhani ya mphamvu yamagetsi, zidapezeka kuti mphamvu zofanana zimatsutsana, pomwe mphamvu zosiyana zimakopana. Ngati chinthu chodzaza bwino chiyandikira chinthu chodzaza bwino, zinthu ziwirizi zimakokana kuti ziyende limodzi. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ngati chinthu chodzaza bwino chiyandikira chinthu chodzaza bwino, ndiye kuti zinthu ziwirizi zimatsutsana kuti zisiyane. Monga momwe taphunzirira pa nkhani ya lamulo la Coulomb, zinthu zodzaza ndi mphamvu yamagetsi zimatha kufulumizitsa zinthu zina zodzaza ndi mphamvu yamagetsi chifukwa pali mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe imagwira ntchito pakati pa zinthu zodzaza ndi mphamvu yamagetsi izi. Mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe imagwira ntchito ndi chinthu chodzaza ndi mphamvu yamagetsi pazinthu zina zodzaza ndi mphamvu yamagetsi ndi chitsanzo chimodzi cha mphamvu yomwe imagwira ntchito popanda kukhudzana. Chitsanzo china cha mphamvu yomwe imagwira ntchito patali ndi mphamvu yokoka . Mphamvu yokoka imayendetsedwa ndi chinthu cholemera pa zinthu zina zolemera.
Mphamvu yokangana , mphamvu yokakamiza, mphamvu yachibadwa ndi zitsanzo za mphamvu zomwe zimakhala zosavuta kumva chifukwa mphamvu zimenezi zimagwira ntchito pamene kukhudzana kumachitika. M'malo mwake, mphamvu yamagetsi ndi chitsanzo cha mphamvu yomwe ndi yovuta kumvetsa chifukwa mphamvu imeneyi ingagwire ntchito kuchokera patali popanda kukhudza. Kuti timvetse mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe ingachite ntchito kuchokera patali, lingaliro la mphamvu yamagetsi limawonekera. Lingaliro la mphamvu yamagetsi linapangidwa ndi wasayansi waku Britain Michael Faraday (1791-1867).
Tanthauzo la munda wamagetsi (E)
Tiyerekeze kuti galasi poyamba linali lopanda magetsi. Pambuyo popaka ndi nsalu, ndodo ya galasi imakhala ndi magetsi. Ndodo ya galasi ikayamba kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi, nthawi yomweyo, mphamvu yamagetsi imawonekera mozungulira galasi. Ngati galasilo silikhala lopanda magetsi, nthawi yomweyo mphamvu yamagetsi imatha. Chifukwa chake, kukhalapo kwa E sikungalekanitsidwe ndi kukhalapo kwa mphamvu yamagetsi. E si chinthu ngati mpweya osati mtundu wa mafunde, monga mafunde amagetsi. E ndi chinthu chomwe chimayambitsidwa ndi mphamvu yamagetsi ndipo chimakhudza malo ozungulira mphamvu yamagetsi, pomwe mphamvu zina zamagetsi zimangomva mphamvu ya E.
Kuti muyese ngati pali E mchipinda, akuganiza kuti pali cholipiritsa choyesera m'malo amenewo. Cholipiritsa choyesera ndi cholipiritsa chochepa (Q) kotero kuti cholipiritsacho chimapanga gawo lamagetsi laling'ono, kotero kuti linganyalanyazidwe. Komabe, cholipiritsa choyeseracho chimatha kumva mphamvu ya gawo lamagetsi lopangidwa ndi zolipiritsa zina zamagetsi. Cholipiritsa choyeseracho chimaperekedwa kokha kuti chifufuze ngati pali E. Ngati pali E m'malo mwake,
mphamvu yoyesera iyenera kupirira mphamvu yamagetsi, pomwe ngati palibe E, mphamvu yoyesera siyipirira mphamvu yamagetsi.
Yang'anani chithunzi chomwe chili pambali.
Mu chithunzi 1, mphamvu +q 1 ndi mphamvu +q 2 zimapanga E pamalo ozungulira. Pamene mphamvu yoyesera +q o yaikidwa pamalo enaake, mphamvu yoyesera +q o imakumana ndi mphamvu yamagetsi. F 1 ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mphamvu +q 1 pa mphamvu yoyesera +q o , ndipo F 2 ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mphamvu +q 2 pa mphamvu yoyesera +q o . Mu Chithunzi 2, mphamvu yoyesera ikachotsedwa, E imakhalabe ndipo siitha kuchokera pamenepo. E 1 ndi munda wamagetsi wopangidwa ndi mphamvu yamagetsi +q 1 , ndipo E 2 ndi E yopangidwa ndi mphamvu yamagetsi +q 2.
Kukula kwa mphamvu yamagetsi
E ndi kuchuluka kwa vekitala, komwe mphamvu yamagetsi ili ndi kukula ndi komwe ikupita. Kukula kwa E nthawi zambiri kumatchedwa mphamvu ya E. Mphamvu ya E pamalo ena imafotokozedwa ngati mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mphamvu yamagetsi pa mphamvu yoyesera yomwe imayikidwa pamalowo, yogawidwa ndi kukula kwa mphamvu yoyesera.
E = mphamvu yamagetsi
F = mphamvu yamagetsi
q = ndalama zoyesera
Gawo la mphamvu yamagetsi ndi Newton, ndipo gawo la mphamvu yamagetsi ndi Coulomb kotero kuti gawo la E ndi Newton / Coulomb, chidule chake N/C.
Kuwongolera kwa munda wamagetsi
Mu Chithunzi 1a, mphamvu yamagetsi yabwino (+Q) imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi pa mphamvu yoyesera yabwino (+q), komwe komwe mphamvu yamagetsi (F) ili kutali ndi mphamvu ya +Q.
Mu Chithunzi 1b, pamene choyezera chachotsedwa, pamalo awa pali gawo lamagetsi (E) lomwe mbali yake ili kutali ndi choyezera chamagetsi Q.
Mu Chithunzi 2a, mphamvu yamagetsi yoipa (-Q) imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi mu mphamvu yoyesera yabwino (+q), komwe njira ya mphamvu yamagetsi (F) imayandikira mphamvu ya -Q.
Mu Chithunzi 2b, pamene choyezera chachotsedwa, pamalo awa pali gawo lamagetsi (E) lomwe limayang'ana pafupi ndi choyezera chamagetsi -Q.
Kutengera chithunzi ndi kufotokozera pamwambapa, zitha kutsimikizika kuti komwe magetsi akupita kuli kutali ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yabwino ndipo kumayandikira mphamvu yamagetsi yoipa.
Mizere yamagetsi
E imapangidwa ndi chaji yamagetsi ndipo imakhudza malo ozungulira chaji yamagetsi, komwe mphamvu ya E imamveka ndi mphamvu zina zamagetsi zokha. Pamene chaji ina yamagetsi ili mu E yopangidwa ndi chaji yamagetsi, chaji ina yamagetsi imamva mphamvu ya mphamvu yamagetsi.
Kumvetsetsa gawo lamagetsi pamwambapa, monga momwe tafotokozera m'nkhani yokhudza E, kungatheke ndi malingaliro koma kungangoganiziridwa m'maganizo. Kuti muwone ngati E, mizere yamagetsi imaperekedwa. Mizere yamagetsi ndi mizere yozungulira mphamvu yamagetsi kuti iwonetse kukhalapo kwa gawo lamagetsi. Chifukwa cholinga chake ndi kuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa E, pali kulumikizana pakati pa mizere iyi ndi E. Mwanjira ina, kukula ndi komwe E ikupita kungafotokozedwe pojambula mizere yamagetsi.
Ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa mphamvu ya magetsi ndi mawaya amagetsi ndi awa:
Choyamba, njira ya E imachoka pa positive charge ndikuyandikira negative charge. Motero, njira ya mizere yamagetsi nayonso ili kutali ndi positive charge ndikuyandikira negative charge.
Ngati mphamvu yamagetsi ili pafupi ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yoipa, mizere yamagetsi imachotsedwa pa mphamvu yamagetsi yoipa kupita ku mphamvu yamagetsi yoipa. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ngati mphamvu yamagetsi ili pafupi ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yoipa, mizere yamagetsi imachotsedwa pa mphamvu yamagetsi iliyonse yoipa ndipo imatalikirana.
Chachiwiri, mphamvu ya magetsi imayimiridwa ndi mtunda pakati pa mizere ya magetsi. Mtunda pakati pa mizere ya magetsi ukayandikira, mphamvu ya magetsi imakhala yokwera komanso mtunda pakati pa mizere ya magetsi umakhala wochepa.
N’chifukwa chiyani, mtunda pakati pa mizere uli pafupi, mphamvu yamagetsi imakhala yokwera? Kuti mumvetse izi, yang'anani kufotokozera uku. Tiyerekeze kuti pali mphamvu yabwino pakati pa mzere ndipo mizere yamagetsi imafalikira mbali zosiyanasiyana pamwamba pa mzere. Ngati chiwerengero cha mizere yamagetsi ndi N ndipo malo a pamwamba pa mzere ndi 4πr 2 , ndiye kuti chiwerengero cha mizere pa dera lililonse kapena kuchuluka kwa mzere ndi N / 4πr 2. Kutengera ndi njira iyi, pa N yomweyi, ngati r ichepa, mtunda pakati pa mizere umayandikira ndipo ngati r ikhala yofunika kwambiri mtunda pakati pa mizere umapita kutali.
Fomula ya mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi E = kq / r 2 imasonyezanso kuti mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi imafanana mosiyanasiyana ndi sikweya ya mtunda. Ngati r ndi yaying'ono, ndiye kuti mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi imaonekera kwambiri, ndipo ngati r ionekera kwambiri, ndiye kuti mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi imachepa.
Kutengera ndi ndemanga yomwe ili pamwambapa, zitha kutsimikizika kuti ngati r ikuchepa (kuyandikira mphamvu yamagetsi) mphamvu yamagetsi ikukulirakulira ndipo mtunda pakati pa mizere ukuyandikiranso. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ngati r ikuonekera kwambiri (kutali ndi mphamvu yamagetsi), mphamvu yamagetsi imachepa ndipo mtunda pakati pa mizere nayonso uli kutali.
Chachitatu, chiwerengero cha mizere ya E chikugwirizana ndi mphamvu yamagetsi. Mizere yamagetsi ikachuluka, mphamvu yamagetsi imakwera. Mizere yamagetsi ikachepa, mphamvu yamagetsi imachepa.
