Ukadaulo Wokonza Mkaka Wopanda Pasteurized
Mkaka ndi chakudya chopatsa thanzi kwambiri chokhala ndi mapuloteni, mafuta, chakudya cham'mawa (lactose), mavitamini, ndi mchere. Komabe, mkaka watsopano ndi chakudya chomwe chimawonongeka chifukwa ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yopezera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Chifukwa chake, ukadaulo wokonza mkaka ndi wofunikira kuti ugwiritsidwe ntchito bwino, kutalikitsa nthawi yogwira ntchito, komanso kusunga thanzi labwino komanso mawonekedwe a thupi. Njira imodzi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mumakampaniwa ndi kupha mkaka. Ukadaulo wokonza mkaka wopha mkaka umaphatikizapo osati njira yotenthetsera yokha komanso kusamalira zinthu zopangira, ukhondo, kulongedza, kusungira, ndi kuwongolera khalidwe.
Lingaliro Loyamba la Kukonza Mafupa
Kupaka mkaka pasteurization ndi njira yotenthetsera mkaka pa kutentha kwina kwa nthawi inayake kuti uchepetse tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda popanda kusokoneza kwambiri ubwino wa mkaka. Mosiyana ndi kuyeretsa mkaka, kupaka mkaka pasteurization sikuti cholinga chake ndi kupha tizilombo tonse. Chifukwa chake, mkaka wopaka mkaka pasteurized umafunikirabe kusungidwa kozizira (unyolo wozizira) kuti ukhale wotetezeka komanso wokhalitsa nthawi yayitali.
Zolinga zazikulu za kupha nyama ndi izi: (1) kukonza chitetezo cha chakudya mwa kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda obwera chifukwa cha chakudya, (2) kutalikitsa nthawi yosungira chakudya mwa kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndi (3) kusunga thanzi la mkaka ndi kukoma kwake pafupi ndi mkaka watsopano. Kupha nyama kungathandizenso kuletsa ma enzyme ena omwe angachedwetse kuwonongeka, ngakhale kuti kugwira ntchito kwake kumadalira momwe zinthu zimagwirira ntchito komanso mtundu wa zinthu zopangira.
Kulandira ndi Kusankha Mkaka Watsopano
Kupambana kwa kukonza mkaka wophikidwa mu uvuni kumatengera kwambiri ubwino wa mkaka watsopano womwe walandiridwa. Pa nthawi yolandira mkaka, nthawi zambiri umayesedwa kuti upeze mawonekedwe a organoleptic (mtundu, fungo, ndi kukoma), kutentha (koyenera kuzizira), ndi ukhondo wa chidebecho. Kuphatikiza apo, mayeso osavuta amachitidwa, monga kuyesa mowa kuti azindikire kusakhazikika kwa mapuloteni, kuyesa kwa acidity, ndi kuwunika kwa zinyalala kapena kusungunuka.
M'mafakitale apamwamba kwambiri, mayeso angaphatikizepo Chiwerengero cha Ma Plate (TPC), kuchuluka kwa ma coliform, ndi kuzindikira zotsalira za maantibayotiki. Zotsalira za maantibayotiki ziyenera kuyang'aniridwa chifukwa zimatha kusokoneza kuwira kwa zinthu zina ndikuyika pachiwopsezo kwa ogula. Mkaka wokhala ndi ubwino wochepa wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, fungo loipa, kapena chizindikiro chilichonse cha kuipitsidwa nthawi zambiri umakanidwa chifukwa ukhoza kuchepetsa ubwino wa chinthu chomaliza ndikuwonjezera chiopsezo cha kulephera kwa ntchito.
Kusefa, Kufotokozera, ndi Kukhazikitsa Malamulo
Mkaka ukalandiridwa, nthawi zambiri umasefedwa kapena kutsukidwa kuti uchotse zinyalala zakuthupi monga fumbi, mchenga wabwino, kapena tinthu tina. Pamlingo wa mafakitale, zowunikira zimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya centrifugal, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kulekanitsako kukhale kogwira mtima kuposa kusefa kwachizolowezi.
Gawo lotsatira ndi kukhazikika, komwe kumaphatikizapo kusintha kuchuluka kwa mafuta ndi zinthu zolimba mu mkaka kuti zitsimikizire kuti mkaka umakhala wofanana. Mwachitsanzo, opanga amatha kusankha mkaka wophikidwa "mafuta onse" wokhala ndi mafuta enaake, pomwe mkaka "wopanda mafuta ambiri" kapena "wopanda mafuta ambiri" umasinthidwa mwa kulekanitsa kirimu pogwiritsa ntchito cholekanitsa. Kugwirizana kwa kapangidwe kake ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti zikwaniritse miyezo yabwino, kukhazikika kwa chinthucho, komanso kukoma kofanana.
Kukhazikika kwa Emulsion: Kukonza Kukhazikika kwa Emulsion
Kugawikana kwa mafuta m'njira imodzi ndi njira yogawikana kwa mafuta m'zidutswa zing'onozing'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mkaka ukhale wokhazikika. Popanda kugawikana kwa mafuta m'njira imodzi, mafuta amakwera pamwamba, ndikupanga gawo lokoma panthawi yosungira. Pakugawikana kwa mafuta m'njira imodzi, mkaka umakakamizika kudutsa m'malo opapatiza pansi pa kupanikizika kwakukulu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mafuta a ma globules asweke ndikufalikira mofanana.
Ubwino wa homogenization ndi monga: (1) kupewa kulekanitsa kirimu, (2) kupereka kapangidwe kosalala komanso "thupi" labwino, ndi (3) kukonza kuwona kwa kukhuthala. Komabe, homogenization ingakhudzenso kukoma chifukwa imawonjezera malo amafuta omwe amalumikizana ndi zigawo zina. Chifukwa chake, kuthamanga ndi kutentha kwa homogenization ziyenera kuganiziridwa kuti zipeze zotsatira zabwino.
Njira Zopangira Pasteurization: LTLT ndi HTST
Kawirikawiri, pali njira ziwiri zazikulu zopasteurizing zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri:
1. LTLT (Nthawi Yaitali Yotentha Kwambiri)
Mkaka umatenthedwa kufika pa 63°C kwa mphindi 30. Njirayi ndi yofala m'magawo ang'onoang'ono kapena osavuta kukonza. Ubwino wake ndi monga zida zosavuta komanso kuwongolera kosavuta kukonza. Komabe, imafuna mphamvu yochepa komanso nthawi yayitali yokonza.
2. HTST (Nthawi Yochepa Yotentha Kwambiri)
Mkaka umatenthedwa kufika pa 72°C kwa masekondi 15, nthawi zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito chosinthira kutentha kwa mbale. Njira imeneyi ndi yotchuka kwambiri m'makampani chifukwa cha kugwira ntchito bwino, mphamvu zake zambiri, komanso kusakhudza kwambiri khalidwe la kumva. HTST imalolanso njira yoyera komanso yopitilira yokhala ndi dongosolo lotsekedwa.
Kuwonjezera pa njira ziwirizi, palinso njira zotenthetsera kutentha kwambiri, monga UHT (Ultra High Temperature), zomwe zimathandiza kuti mkaka ukhale nthawi yayitali kutentha kwa chipinda. Komabe, UHT imasiyana ndi pasteurization chifukwa ndi njira yogulitsira mkaka ndipo imapanga kukoma "kokhwima" kwambiri.
Kuziziritsa Mwachangu ndi Unyolo Wozizira
Mukamaliza kusakaniza mkaka, mkaka uyenera kuziziritsidwa nthawi yomweyo mpaka kutentha kochepa (nthawi zambiri pansi pa 4–5°C) kuti uletse kukula kwa tizilombo totsala. Kuziziritsa mwachangu ndikofunikira chifukwa kutentha kotentha kumalola tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuberekana. Mu machitidwe a HTST, kuziziritsa kumachitika mu dera limodzi kudzera mu chosinthira kutentha chomwecho, kuonetsetsa kuti zikugwira ntchito bwino ndikuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kubwereranso.
Unyolo wozizira ndi wofunikira kwambiri pakugulitsa bwino mkaka wophikidwa mu uvuni. Umaphatikizapo chilichonse kuyambira kusungira m'matanki oziziritsa, kudzaza m'zidebe, kugawa m'magalimoto oziziritsa, ndi kusungira m'mafiriji ogulitsa ndi m'nyumba za ogula. Ngati unyolo wozizira wasweka, nthawi yosungira mkaka imachepa kwambiri ndipo zoopsa zachitetezo zimawonjezeka.
Kupaka: Chitetezo ku Kuipitsidwa ndi Kuwala
Ma paketi a mkaka opakidwa pasteur ayenera kuteteza mkaka ku kuipitsidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso zinthu zina monga kuwala, mpweya, ndi fungo. Ma paketi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri amaphatikizapo mabotolo apulasitiki (HDPE/PET), mabotolo agalasi, ndi matumba apadera apulasitiki. Mabotolo agalasi ndi abwino kwambiri pokana kusamuka kwa zinthu ndipo amapereka mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri, koma ndi olemera komanso osavuta kusweka. Mabotolo apulasitiki ndi opepuka komanso othandiza, koma ayenera kusankhidwa kuti akhale otetezeka pa chakudya ndikukwaniritsa miyezo.
Mkaka umakhudzidwanso ndi kuwala, chifukwa ungayambitse kusungunuka kwa mafuta ndikuwononga mavitamini ena. Chifukwa chake, kulongedza kosawoneka bwino kapena kusungidwa pamashelefu otetezedwa ndi kuwala kungathandize kusunga mtundu. Njira yodzazira iyenera kuchitika mwaukhondo, makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito makina odzazira okha komanso chipinda chosungiramo zinthu choyera kuti mupewe kuipitsidwa pambuyo pa kupangika kwa mafuta.
Kuwongolera Ubwino ndi Chitetezo cha Chakudya
Kuwongolera ubwino wa mkaka wophikidwa ndi pasteur kumaphatikizapo mayeso a thupi, mankhwala, ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mayeso a thupi amaphatikizapo mtundu, fungo, kukhuthala, ndi kukhazikika kwa emulsion. Mayeso a mankhwala amatha kuphatikizapo mafuta, mapuloteni, zonse zolimba, pH, ndi acidity. Mayeso a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi ofunikira kuti atsimikizire kuti mkaka ukukwaniritsa malire a kuipitsidwa, monga milingo ya TPC ndi coliform. Mu ntchito zamafakitale, dongosolo la HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) nthawi zambiri limagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti lizindikire mfundo zofunika monga kutentha, kuziziritsa, ndi kulongedza.
Ukhondo wa zida ndi wofunikanso kwambiri. Mafakitale ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira ya CIP (Cleaning in Place) kuti ayeretse mapaipi, matanki, ndi zosinthira kutentha popanda kuwononga zidazo. CIP nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo zotsukira zomwe zimaphatikizapo madzi, njira zamchere, njira za asidi, ndi zotsukira. Njirayi imathandiza kuonetsetsa kuti malo okhudzidwa ndi mankhwala alibe biofilm ndi zotsalira za mkaka, zomwe zingakhale magwero a kuipitsidwa.
Mavuto ndi Zatsopano mu Pasteurization
Mavuto ena akuluakulu pakukonza mkaka wophikidwa ndi pasteurized ndi kusunga ubwino wa zinthu zopangira, kuonetsetsa kuti unyolo wozizira ukugwira ntchito, komanso kupewa kuipitsanso pambuyo potenthedwa. Pakadali pano, zinthu zatsopano zikupitilirabe kukula, monga kugwiritsa ntchito masensa ndi makina odziyimira pawokha kuti aziyang'anira kutentha ndi nthawi yeniyeni, kugwiritsa ntchito ma CD abwino kwambiri, komanso kufufuza ukadaulo wosagwiritsa ntchito kutentha monga high pressure pasteurization (HPP) kapena pulsed electric fields kuti achepetse tizilombo toyambitsa matenda popanda kukhudza kukoma. Komabe, kutentha kwa pasteurization kumakhalabe muyezo chifukwa cha kugwira ntchito kwake kotsimikizika, kutsika mtengo, komanso kuphatikizika mosavuta m'machitidwe opangira.
Kutseka
Ukadaulo wokonza mkaka wopangidwa ndi pasteur umaphatikiza kusamalira mosamala zinthu zopangira, kutentha koyenera, kuziziritsa mwachangu, kulongedza bwino, ndi kugawa mkaka mu unyolo wozizira. Kulongedza mkaka wopangidwa ndi pasteur kumathandiza kwambiri pakupereka mkaka wotetezeka komanso wokhalitsa popanda kutaya zakudya zambiri komanso mawonekedwe ake achilengedwe. Ndi njira zotsukira mosamala, kuwongolera bwino khalidwe, komanso njira zatsopano komanso kulongedza, mkaka wopangidwa ndi pasteur ukadali chisankho chofunikira kwambiri pakukwaniritsa zosowa za anthu amakono.
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kusintha nkhaniyi kuti ikhale mawu 1000 (pakadali pano yayandikira), kapena kuisintha kukhala pepala lathunthu la sayansi lokhala ndi mawu osamveka bwino, mawu osakira, ndi zolemba.
