Njira Zogwirizanitsa Zowongolera Tizilombo
Kulamulira tizilombo ndi chimodzi mwa mavuto akuluakulu pakulima mbewu, kaya m'munda, m'famu yaing'ono, kapena m'minda yamalonda. Kuukira tizilombo kungachepetse zokolola, kuwononga ubwino wa zinthu, komanso kuonjezera ndalama zopangira. Kwa zaka zambiri, mankhwala ophera tizilombo nthawi zambiri akhala chisankho chachikulu chifukwa cha zotsatira zake zachangu komanso zooneka bwino. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso kungayambitse kukana tizilombo, kupha adani achilengedwe, kuipitsa chilengedwe, komanso kuyika pachiwopsezo thanzi la anthu. Chifukwa chake, njira zoyang'anira tizilombo zophatikizidwa (IPM) zawonekera ngati njira yoyenera komanso yokhazikika.
Kumvetsetsa ndi Mfundo Zoyambira za IPM
Kuyang'anira Tizilombo Tosakanikirana (IPM) ndi njira yoyang'anira tizilombo yomwe imagwirizanitsa bwino njira zosiyanasiyana zowongolera kuti ichepetse kuchuluka kwa tizilombo tomwe sitingathe kuwononga chuma. Cholinga cha IPM si kuthetseratu tizilombo, koma kusunga bwino chilengedwe kuti tisunge zokolola popanda kuwonongeka kwakukulu.
Mfundo za IPM nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo: (1) kulima zomera zathanzi, (2) kusunga adani achilengedwe, (3) kuyang'anira nthawi zonse za ulimi, ndi (4) alimi monga akatswiri a IPM, kutanthauza kuti alimi amamvetsetsa momwe nthaka ilili, amazindikira tizilombo ndi adani awo achilengedwe, ndipo amatha kupanga zisankho zoyenera.
Chifukwa chiyani PHT ndi Yofunika?
Pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe IPM ikuyendera bwino. Choyamba, tizilombo tambiri tayamba kukana kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala enaake ophera tizilombo chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza. Chachiwiri, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ochulukirapo amatha kupha tizilombo tothandiza monga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi nyama zolusa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tizilombo tibwererenso. Chachitatu, zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo zimatha kuipitsa nthaka, madzi, ndi zinthu zaulimi, zomwe zimakhudza thanzi la ogula ndi ogwira ntchito. Chachinayi, IPM ikhoza kuchepetsa ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yayitali pochepetsa kudalira mankhwala.
Zigawo Zofunika Kwambiri za Njira Zogwirizanitsa Zowongolera Tizilombo
IPM si njira imodzi yokha, koma ndi kuphatikiza njira zingapo zomwe zasankhidwa malinga ndi mtundu wa mbewu, tizilombo tomwe tikufunira, momwe chilengedwe chilili, komanso luso la alimi. Izi ndi zigawo zake zazikulu.
1. Kulamulira Chikhalidwe
Kuwongolera kulima kumalimbikitsa kusintha njira zobzala kuti pakhale malo omwe sangawononge tizilombo. Njira imeneyi ndi yotsika mtengo ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyambira pachiyambi.
Zitsanzo zodziwika bwino ndi izi:
- Kusinthana kwa mbewu kuti tipewe kufalikira kwa tizilombo tomwe timakhala ndi mtundu wina wa chomera.
– Konzani nthawi yobzala nthawi imodzi kuti tizilombo tisalandire “chakudya” chokhazikika nyengo yonse.
– Ukhondo wa panthaka, monga kuchotsa zotsalira za zomera zodwala, udzu, kapena zipatso zowola zomwe zingakhale malo oberekera tizilombo.
- Kubzala mtunda wautali ndi kudula mitengo kuti mpweya uziyenda bwino motero kuchepetsa chinyezi chomwe chimakondedwa ndi tizilombo ndi matenda ena.
– Kudyetsa bwino mbewu, chifukwa zomera zomwe zimakhala ndi chonde kwambiri chifukwa cha nayitrogeni wambiri nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosavuta kuukiridwa ndi tizilombo toyamwa.
2. Kulamulira kwa Makina ndi Kuthupi
Njira zamakina ndi zakuthupi zimachitika mwachindunji kuti zichepetse tizilombo kapena kuti zisafike ku zomera.
Zitsanzo zina:
- Kuchotsa mazira, mphutsi, kapena tizilombo tatikulu pa mbewu zazing'ono, makamaka kumayambiriro kwa kuukira.
– Misampha monga misampha yopepuka, misampha ya pheromone, kapena misampha yachikasu ya guluu ya tizilombo touluka.
- Kugwiritsa ntchito maukonde/maukonde a tizilombo kuti tizilombo tina tisalowe m'malo olimiramo.
- Manyowa apulasitiki omwe angathe kuletsa udzu ndikusokoneza kayendedwe ka tizilombo tambiri ta m'nthaka.
- Kusefukira kapena kulima nthaka pansi pa mikhalidwe ina kuti kusokoneze tizirombo ta m'nthaka.
3. Kulamulira Zamoyo
Kulamulira kwa zamoyo kumagwiritsa ntchito adani achilengedwe a tizilombo, kuphatikizapo nyama zolusa, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (tizilombo toyambitsa matenda). Ichi ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la IPM chifukwa limathandiza kukhazikika kwa tizilombo mwachilengedwe.
Zitsanzo za adani achilengedwe:
– Zilombo zolusa: tizilombo ta ladybugs, akangaude, a dragonflies, ndi tizilombo tomwe timadya tizilombo.
– Ma Parasitoids: monga Trichogramma yomwe imaukira mazira a tizilombo tina.
– Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda: mwachitsanzo bowa woyambitsa matenda otchedwa entomopathogenic bowa wa Beauveria bassiana ndi Metarhizium anisopliae.
Kuti njira zowongolera zachilengedwe zigwire ntchito bwino, alimi ayenera kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amapha adani achilengedwe, kupereka malo okhala othandizira (monga zomera zothawirako), ndikusunga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zaulimi.
4. Kulamulira Majini: Mitundu Yosagonja
Kubzala mitundu yomwe imalimbana ndi tizilombo kapena matenda kungachepetse chiopsezo cha matenda kuyambira pachiyambi. Mitundu yomwe imalimbana ndi matenda nthawi zonse siimatsimikizira chitetezo chokwanira, koma imatha kuletsa kukula kwa tizilombo ndikuchepetsa kuwonongeka. Kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yomwe imalimbana ndi matendawa kuyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi njira zina, chifukwa tizilombo titha kusintha ngati mtundu womwewo wabzalidwa mosalekeza popanda kuyang'aniridwa.
5. Kulamulira Mankhwala Mwanzeru
Mu IPM, mankhwala ophera tizilombo angagwiritsidwebe ntchito, koma ngati njira yomaliza pamene njira zina sizikwanira kuletsa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo. Kugwiritsa ntchito kuyenera kutengera malire owongolera, omwe ndi kuchuluka kwa tizilombo kapena kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka komwe kumawononga chuma.
Mfundo zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo mu IPM ndi izi:
- Sankhani mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe ali ndi chiopsezo chochepa kwa adani achilengedwe.
- Gwiritsani ntchito mlingo woyenera ndi nthawi yoyenera yogwiritsira ntchito malinga ndi zomwe zalembedwa pa chizindikirocho.
- Kusinthasintha kwa zosakaniza zogwira ntchito kuti zisawonongeke.
- Ikani patsogolo chitetezo cha ntchito (PPE) ndikutsatira nthawi yokolola (PHI) kuti zotsalira zikhale zotetezeka.
Kuyang'anira ndi Kupanga Zisankho
Chofunika kwambiri pa IPM ndi kuyang'anira. Popanda kuyang'anira nthawi zonse, alimi amakonda kupopera mankhwala kutengera chizolowezi, osati chifukwa chomveka. Kuyang'anira kumaphatikizapo kuyang'anira zomera nthawi zonse, kuwerengera tizilombo ndi adani achilengedwe, kuwona zizindikiro za kuwonongeka, ndikuyang'anira nyengo yomwe ingayambitse kufalikira kwa tizilombo.
Deta yowunikira imayerekezeredwa ndi malire owongolera. Ngati kuchuluka kwa tizilombo kudakali kochepa ndipo adani achilengedwe ali ambiri, njira zowongolera zachilengedwe kapena zamakina ndizokwanira. Ngati kuchuluka kwa tizilombo kukuyandikira kapena kupitirira malire owongolera, njira zina zimasankhidwa, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Zitsanzo za Kugwiritsa Ntchito PHT M'munda
Mwachitsanzo, polima ndiwo zamasamba monga tsabola kapena tomato, alimi amatha kugwiritsa ntchito IPM mwa: kuchita ukhondo m'munda ndi kusinthana kwa mbewu, kuyika misampha yachikasu ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga thrips ndi whiteflies, kubzala ma refugia kuti akope nyama zolusa, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe monga Beauveria, ndi kupopera mankhwala ophera tizilombo pokhapokha ngati matenda apitirira malire. Mu mpunga, kukhazikitsa kubzala kogwirizana, kusunga kukhalapo kwa nyama zolusa zachilengedwe, ndi kuyang'anira nthawi zonse mbalame zolusa nthawi zambiri zakhala zothandiza kuchepetsa kudalira mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Kutseka
Kuyang'anira Tizilombo Tosakanikirana (IPM) ndi njira yomwe imagwirizanitsa zokolola zaulimi ndi chilengedwe. Mwa kuphatikiza njira zowongolera zachikhalidwe, zamakanika, ndi zamoyo, mitundu yolimbana ndi matenda, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mankhwala ophera tizilombo, IPM imathandiza kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo pamene ikusunga thanzi la zachilengedwe zaulimi. Kupambana kwa IPM kumadalira kwambiri luso la alimi kuyang'anira minda yawo, kuzindikira tizilombo ndi adani awo achilengedwe, ndikupanga zisankho kutengera deta ya m'munda. Ndi kukhazikitsidwa kosalekeza, IPM si njira yongopeka chabe komanso ndi sitepe yopita ku ulimi wokhazikika komanso wotetezeka kwa mibadwo yamtsogolo.
