Njira Zabwino Zopangira Bedi
Bedi lokwezedwa ndi malo ataliatali, okwezedwa a nthaka omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pobzala, makamaka ndiwo zamasamba, zomera za pachaka, zomera zamankhwala, ndi malo osungira mbewu. Mabedi omangidwa bwino nthawi zambiri amasiyanitsa munda wobala zipatso ndi munda womwe umakhala ndi madzi ambiri, matenda, kapena kukula kosagwirizana. Bedi lokwezedwa si "malo okwezedwa" okha, koma ndi njira yaying'ono yowongolera madzi, mpweya wolowa m'nthaka, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino feteleza, komanso kusamalira zomera mosavuta. Chifukwa chake, kumvetsetsa njira zoyenera zomangira bedi kudzathandiza alimi ndi alimi a m'nyumba kupeza zokolola zabwino komanso zokhazikika.
Ntchito ndi Ubwino wa Mabedi
Kawirikawiri, mabedi okwezedwa amathandiza kukonza nthaka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mizu ikhale yoyenera kukula. Pa nthaka yathyathyathya yomwe imvula kwambiri, mabedi okwezedwa amathandiza kupewa kudzaza madzi mwa kulowetsa madzi m'ngalande pakati pa mabedi. Mu nthaka yomwe imakhuthala mosavuta, mabedi okwezedwa amathandiza kuti mizu isamaume bwino, zomwe zimathandiza kuti mizu itenge madzi ndi michere mosavuta. Mabedi okwezedwa amathandizanso kukonza zomera, kuchepetsa udzu, kuthirira, kupatsa feteleza, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito pulasitiki kapena mulch wachilengedwe. Mabedi okongoletsedwa bwino amalola kuti zomera zizikhala ndi malo okhazikika, motero zimathandiza kuti nthaka igwiritsidwe ntchito bwino.
Kudziwa Malo ndi Njira Yomwe Mabedi Ayenera Kukhalira
Gawo loyamba ndikusankha malo omwe amalandira kuwala kokwanira kwa dzuwa, osaphimbidwa ndi mthunzi tsiku lonse, komanso osavuta kuwafikira kuti azithirira ndi kusamalira. Malo abwino oti bedi liziyang'aniridwa ayenera kukonzedwa kuti agwirizane ndi momwe nthaka ilili. Pa malo osalala, mabedi nthawi zambiri amayang'ana kumpoto ndi kum'mwera kuti atsimikizire kuti kuwala kuli kofanana mbali zonse ziwiri za zomera. Pa malo otsetsereka, mabedi ayenera kukhala ndi mizere yozungulira (kudutsa phirilo) kuti achepetse kukokoloka kwa nthaka ndi kuyenda pang'onopang'ono kwa madzi. Kuphatikiza apo, ganizirani za kuyenda kwa madzi amvula: pewani mabedi omwe ali ndi mafunde amphamvu, omwe angawononge nthaka.
Kuyeza Miyeso ya Bedi
Kukula kwa bedi kumasiyana malinga ndi mtundu wa chomera, momwe mbewu zimalimidwira, komanso momwe nthaka ilili. Komabe, monga malangizo ambiri:
– M'lifupi mwa bedi: 100–120 cm ya ndiwo zamasamba ndi zipatso. M'lifupi mwake muli bwino mokwanira kuti manja azitha kufikira kuchokera kumanzere ndi kumanja popanda kuponda pamwamba pa bedi.
– Kutalika kwa bedi: 20–40 cm. Mu nyengo yamvula kapena pa nthaka yolemera (yadothi) yomwe imasefukira mosavuta, kutalika kwake kumatha kuwonjezeredwa kufika pa 40–50 cm.
– Kutalika kwa bedi: kosinthidwa kuti kugwirizane ndi malo, koma ndibwino kuti kusakhale kotalika kwambiri kuti kusamalidwe mosavuta. Kawirikawiri, mamita 5–15 pa bedi lililonse, kutengera kukula kwake.
– M'lifupi mwa ngalande (chigwa) pakati pa mabedi: 30–50 cm. M'madera omwe madzi amasefukira, iyenera kukhala yayikulu komanso yozama.
Pa zomera zina, monga tsabola, tomato, kapena mabilinganya, zomwe zimafuna malo ochulukirapo a mizu ndi zikhomo, mabedi amatha kupangidwa kukhala okwera komanso olimba. Pa zomera za tuber kapena rhizome, mabedi nthawi zambiri amapangidwa momasuka komanso okwera mokwanira kuti alole kuti tubers zipangidwe bwino.
Kukonzekera Malo: Kuyeretsa ndi Kulima Koyamba
Musanapange mabedi, chotsani udzu, zinyalala za zomera, miyala, ndi zinyalala m'nthaka. Udzu waung'ono ukhoza kuchotsedwa ndi kuikidwa manyowa, pomwe udzu wokhala ndi mbewu sayenera kukwiriridwa nthawi yomweyo kuti usamerenso. Mukachotsa, konzani nthaka koyamba mwa kuilima kapena kuilima mpaka kuzama kwa 20-30 cm, kutengera kuchuluka kwa nthaka yomwe yauma.
Cholinga cha ulimiwu ndi kuswa zigawo zolimba, kuwonjezera mpweya, ndikupangitsa nthaka kukhala yosavuta kufewa. Ngati nthaka ndi yonyowa kwambiri, pewani kufewa, chifukwa zingawononge kapangidwe kake ndikupangitsa kuti zibowole. Nthawi yabwino kwambiri nthawi zambiri ndi pamene nthaka imakhala "yonyowa" (yosamatirira kwambiri pa chida, koma yofewabe).
Kupanga Bedi Pang'onopang'ono
1. Kulemba (kapangidwe)
Gwiritsani ntchito chingwe cha raffia ndi zikhomo polemba malire a bedi ndi ngalande. Kulemba ndikofunikira kuti mabedi olunjika, kukula kofanana, komanso kuyenda bwino kwa madzi.
2. Pangani ngalande pakati pa mabedi
Fukulani dothi m'dera la ngalande, kenako mudzaze malo ofukulawo m'dera lokwezedwa. Njira imeneyi imathandiza kupanga mapiri okwera popanda kufunikira dothi lakunja.
3. Kupanga kumbuyo kwa bedi
Limbitsani pamwamba pa bedi, kenako pindani pang'ono mbali kuti zisaterereke. Pakati pa bedi payenera kukhala patali pang'ono kuti madzi asalowe pamwamba.
4. Konzani kapangidwe kake ndikumasula
Mukamaliza kupanga maziko, masulani pamwamba pa bedi ndi foloko kapena khasu laling'ono. Izi zimathandiza kuti mizu yaing'ono ilowe m'nthaka mwachangu.
5. Kukonza komaliza
Onetsetsani kuti kutalika ndi m'lifupi mwake zikugwirizana, ngalandeyo ili ndi malo otsetsereka pang'ono opita ku ngalande, ndipo palibe malo otsika omwe angakhale "madziwe" mvula ikagwa.
Kupereka Zinthu Zachilengedwe ndi Manyowa Oyambira
Bedi labwino silimangokhudza mawonekedwe ake okha, komanso chonde cha nthaka yake. Sakanizani zinthu zachilengedwe monga manyowa okhwima kapena manyowa okhwima (osatentha) musanabzale. Mlingo wamba umayambira pa matani 10–20/ha m'minda ikuluikulu, kapena pafupifupi 2–5 kg pa mita imodzi ya sikweya m'minda yaying'ono, kutengera momwe nthaka ilili. Zinthu zachilengedwe zimathandiza kuti nthaka isunge madzi, zimakonza kapangidwe kake, komanso zimapereka michere yambiri.
Kuwonjezera pa feteleza zachilengedwe, feteleza woyambira akhoza kuwonjezeredwa malinga ndi zosowa za zomera komanso zotsatira za kusanthula nthaka. Ngati palibe kusanthula komwe kulipo, gwiritsani ntchito njira yosamala: yambani ndi mlingo wochepa ndikuwonjezera pang'onopang'ono. Kuthira feteleza mopitirira muyeso msanga kungapangitse mchere wa m'deralo kuwononga mizu yaing'ono.
Kusintha kwa Liming ndi pH (Ngati Kukufunika)
Mu nthaka yomwe ili ndi asidi wambiri (pH yotsika), zomera nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kuyamwa michere ndipo zimakhala zosavuta kudwala. Kuyika laimu ndi dolomite kapena laimu waulimi kungachitike milungu 1-2 musanabzale kuti zitsimikizire kuti zinthu zikuyenda bwino. Dolomite imawonjezeranso calcium ndi magnesium. Komabe, kuika laimu kuyenera kutengera zizindikiro: mwachitsanzo, nthaka yokhala ndi asidi wambiri, kukula movutikira, kapena mayeso osavuta a pH omwe akuwonetsa pH yochepera zosowa za chomera.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mulch pa Mabedi
Udzu wothira udzu umathandiza kusunga chinyezi, kuletsa udzu, komanso kukhazikika kutentha kwa nthaka. Udzu wothira udzu (udzu, masamba ouma) ndi woyenera m'minda yapakhomo ndipo umawonjezera zinthu zachilengedwe pamene zikuwola. Udzu wothira udzu wa pulasitiki (monga pulasitiki wakuda ndi siliva) nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito polima tsabola, tomato, mavwende, ndi mbewu zina chifukwa umaletsa udzu bwino komanso kusunga zipatso kukhala zoyera.
Ngati mukugwiritsa ntchito mulch wa pulasitiki, ikani bedi litakonzedwa ndipo feteleza woyambira wayikidwa. Onetsetsani kuti pamwamba pa bedi pali ponseponse kuti mulch ugwire bwino. Kumbani mabowo obzala mbewu molingana ndi malo oyenera.
Njira Zothirira Madzi: Chinsinsi cha Mabedi Osagwa Mvula M'nyengo Yotentha
Mabedi ambiri amalephera osati chifukwa cha kukula kosayenera, koma chifukwa cha kutayira madzi koipa. Mabowo apakati pa mabedi ayenera kulumikizidwa ku ngalande yayikulu yotulutsira madzi. Ngalande yayikulu iyenera kukulitsidwa ndikulunjika pamalo otetezeka kuti isakokoloke pamalo otayira madzi. M'malo onyowa kwambiri, mabowo amatha kuya ndi kukulitsidwa, ndipo mabowo amatha kukwezedwa.
M'madera omwe mvula imagwa kwambiri, ganiziraninso kupanga "ngalande yozungulira" kuzungulira malo obzalamo mbewu kuti muchepetse madzi kutuluka kunja kwa munda.
Zolakwa Zofala Zoyenera Kupewa
Zolakwika zina zomwe zimafala kwambiri ndi izi: mabedi omwe ndi otakata kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kusamalira; ngalande zomwe sizili zozama kwambiri, zomwe zimathandiza kuti madzi azilowa; mabedi omwe amapangidwa nthaka ikanyowa kwambiri; palibe malo otsetsereka m'ngalande; ndi kugwiritsa ntchito manyowa osaphika, omwe angayambitse kutentha ndi nkhungu. Cholakwika china ndi kuponda pamwamba pa bedi pobzala kapena kusamalira, zomwe zimalimbitsa nthaka ndikuletsa kukula kwa mizu. Chifukwa chake, pangani njira mu ngalande kapena njira yosankhidwa, ndipo dziwani kugwira ntchito kuchokera mbali ya bedi.
Kutseka
Njira zabwino zomangira bedi zimaphatikiza mawonekedwe, kukula, chonde, ndi madzi otuluka. Ndi mabedi oyenera—okhala ndi m'lifupi wotsika mtengo, kutalika koyenera nthaka, ngalande zogwira ntchito, ndi nthaka yotayirira, yokhala ndi zinthu zachilengedwe—zomera zidzakhala zathanzi, kusamalira kumakhala kosavuta, ndipo chiopsezo cholephera chifukwa cha kudzaza madzi kapena matenda chingachepe. Kaya pafamu kapena m'munda wapakhomo, nthawi yogwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga bedi moyenera idzapindula chifukwa cha kukula kwa zomera mofanana komanso kukolola kokhutiritsa.
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kusintha nkhaniyi kuti igwirizane ndi zinthu zinazake (monga tsabola, masamba a mpiru, shallots), nthaka (dongo/mchenga, yosalala/yotsetsereka), kapena machitidwe (organic, hydro-organic yokhala ndi mabedi okwezeka, mulch wa pulasitiki).
