Kulamulira Tizilombo mu Zomera za Mpunga
Mpunga ndi chakudya chachikulu ku Indonesia. Kufunika kwakukulu kwa mpunga kumapangitsa kuti ulimi wa mpunga ukhale wopambana, kwa alimi komanso kuti chakudya chikhale chotetezeka m'dziko. Komabe, ulimi wa mpunga nthawi zambiri umakumana ndi mavuto monga kuukira kwa tizilombo, zomwe zingachepetse kwambiri zokolola komanso kupangitsa kuti mbewu zisakule bwino ngati sizisamalidwa bwino. Chifukwa chake, kulamulira tizilombo m'minda ya mpunga kumafuna kasamalidwe kogwira mtima, kothandiza, komanso kokhazikika, komanso kusunga bwino chilengedwe.
Kumvetsetsa lingaliro la tizilombo ndi zotsatira zake
Tizilombo ndi tizilombo tomwe timapezeka m'minda yomwe imawononga zomera zomwe zimalimidwa. Mu mpunga, tizilombo tomwe timatha kuukira pazigawo zosiyanasiyana za kukula, kuyambira pa siteji ya mbande mpaka siteji ya zomera, mpaka siteji yobereka. Zotsatira za kuukira kwa tizilombo sizimangophatikizapo kuchepa kwa kulima ndi kuwonongeka kwa tsinde ndi masamba, komanso kulephera kupanga ma panicles, tirigu wopanda kanthu, komanso kuchepa kwa mtundu wa tirigu. Kutayika kumeneku kungachuluke ngati alimi azindikira zizindikiro mochedwa kwambiri kapena agwiritsa ntchito njira zoletsa zolakwika, monga kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo mopitirira muyeso, zomwe zingayambitse kukana ndi kufalikira kwa tizilombo.
Mitundu yayikulu ya tizilombo toononga m'minda ya mpunga
Tizilombo tina tomwe timapezeka kwambiri m'minda ya mpunga ndi monga:
1. Chiwombankhanga cha bulauni (Nilaparvata lugens)
Ziwombankhanga zofiirira ndi chimodzi mwa tizirombo toopsa kwambiri chifukwa zimayamwa madzi a zomera ndipo zimatha kuyambitsa "hopperburn," zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zomera ziume ngati zapsa. Kuphatikiza apo, zimagwira ntchito ngati zofalitsa matenda opatsirana ndi mavairasi, monga udzu woopsa komanso hollow stunt. Matenda nthawi zambiri amawonjezeka nthawi zina, makamaka pamene mitundu yoopsa imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo feteleza wa nayitrogeni ndi wochuluka.
2. Mpunga wa tsinde la mpunga (Scirpophaga spp.)
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timaukira pogwiritsa ntchito mabowo obowola m'mitengo. Panthawi ya zomera, chizindikirochi chimadziwika kuti "sundep" (mphukira zakufa). Panthawi yobereka, chizindikiro cha "beluk" (mantha oyera, opanda kanthu) chimawonekera. Kuwonongeka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha ma thrawler kumatha kuchepetsa mwachindunji zokolola chifukwa ma thrawler amakhala opanda kanthu.
3. Mphaka wa kumunda (Rattus argentiventer)
Makoswe ndi tizilombo toopsa kwambiri chifukwa amawononga mbewu podula mitengo ndi kudya mpunga. Matendawa amatha kuchitika kuchokera pabedi mpaka nthawi yokolola isanakwane. Kuchuluka kwa makoswe nthawi zambiri kumawonjezeka m'malo opanda ukhondo wabwino komanso malo ambiri obisalamo, monga makoma okulirapo kapena tchire lozungulira minda ya mpunga.
4. Chiwala (Leptocorisa acuta)
Ma plant hoppers a bulauni amaukira nthawi yodzaza tirigu mwa kupopera madzi a tirigu. Izi zimapangitsa kuti tirigu akhale ndi dzenje, mpunga ukhale wotsika, komanso fungo lodziwika bwino. Kuukira nthawi zambiri kumawonjezeka pamene mbewu ikulowa mu gawo lobereka, makamaka m'minda yopanda nthawi.
5. Nkhono yagolide (Pomacea canaliculata)
Nkhono za maapulo agolide nthawi zambiri zimakhala tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kumayambiriro kwa kubzala, makamaka pobzala mbewu ndi kubzala mwachindunji. Nkhonozi zimadya mbande zazing'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zomera zitayike komanso kuti zibzalidwenso, zomwe pamapeto pake zimawonjezera ndalama zopangira.
Mfundo Zokhudza Kuyang'anira Tizilombo Mogwirizana (IPM)
Njira yowongolera tizilombo yomwe ikulangizidwa pakadali pano ndi Integrated Pest Management (IPM). IPM ikugogomezera kasamalidwe ka zachilengedwe mwa kuphatikiza njira zosiyanasiyana zowongolera zachilengedwe komanso kuchepetsa kudalira mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Mfundo zazikulu za IPM ndi izi:
- Kulima zomera zabwino pogwiritsa ntchito mbewu zabwino, feteleza wabwino, komanso kuthirira bwino.
- Kuteteza adani achilengedwe monga adani odya nyama (akangaude, a dragonflies) ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe tingathe kuletsa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
- Kuyang'anira nthawi zonse kuti mupeze tizilombo msanga ndikupeza malire owongolera.
- Alimi monga akatswiri a IPM, kutanthauza kuti athe kusanthula momwe nthaka ilili ndikupanga zisankho zoyenera.
Njira zowongolera tizilombo mu mpunga
1. Kulamulira kudzera mu chikhalidwe chaukadaulo
Gawo ili ndilo njira yaikulu yopewera yomwe ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, kuphatikizapo:
- Bzalani nthawi imodzi m'dera limodzi kuti muchepetse moyo wa tizilombo monga ziwala zofiirira ndi ziwala zofiirira.
- Kulima bwino nthaka kuti kuwononge mazira kapena mphutsi za tizilombo tina, komanso kuchepetsa malo okhala makoswe.
- Kudyetsa bwino mbewu, makamaka kupewa nayitrogeni wambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zomera "zizikondedwa" ndi ziwala zofiirira ndi zowola.
- Ukhondo wa nthaka, kuyeretsa udzu ndi zotsalira za zomera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo obisalira tizilombo ndi zomera zina.
2. Kulamulira kwa makina ndi thupi
Njira iyi imachitika pogwiritsa ntchito zida kapena zochita mwachindunji, mwachitsanzo:
- Kupha mbewa zambiri ndi kuyika misampha.
- Kugwiritsa ntchito misampha yowala kuti akoke njenjete zoboola tsinde.
– Kusonkhanitsa mazira a nkhono za apulo agolide, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala pinki, kuchokera ku mapesi a mpunga kapena m'makoma.
- Kuyika maukonde kapena zotchinga pa malo olowera madzi kuti nkhono zagolide zisalowe m'malo olowera madzi.
3. Kulamulira kwachilengedwe
Kulamulira tizilombo pogwiritsa ntchito zamoyo zina monga adani achilengedwe a tizilombo. Mwachitsanzo:
- Kugwiritsa ntchito tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a Trichogramma polimbana ndi mazira a stem borer.
- Kuteteza zilombo zachilengedwe monga akangaude ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timadya ziwala mwa kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo tosiyanasiyana.
- Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zamoyo monga bowa woyambitsa matenda (monga Beauveria bassiana kapena Metarhizium anisopliae) zomwe zimatha kufalitsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
4. Kulamulira mwanzeru mankhwala
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo amatha kugwiritsidwabe ntchito, koma ngati njira yomaliza ndipo ayenera kutsatira malamulo a IPM:
- Kutengera malire azachuma, kutanthauza kuchuluka kwa kuukira komwe, malinga ndi ziwerengero, kumatha kubweretsa kutayika kwakukulu kuposa mtengo wowongolera.
- Kusankha mankhwala oyenera ophera tizilombo, malinga ndi mtundu wa tizilombo komanso nthawi yomwe timakhala.
- Mlingo ndi nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito ndi zolondola, kupewa kupopera mobwerezabwereza popanda kuyang'aniridwa chifukwa kumatha kupha adani achilengedwe.
- Kusinthasintha kwa zosakaniza zogwira ntchito kuti tipewe kukana tizilombo, makamaka m'zipatso zofiirira.
Kuwunika ndi kupanga zisankho
Chinsinsi cha kupambana kwa kulamulira tizilombo ta mpunga ndi kuyang'anira nthawi zonse m'munda. Alimi kapena ogwira ntchito m'munda ayenera kuyendera mbewu nthawi ndi nthawi pamalo enaake, kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa tizilombo, ndikuwona zizindikiro zoyambirira za kuwonongeka. Ndi deta iyi, zisankho zowongolera zitha kukhala zolondola kwambiri. Njira yabwino yobzala popanda kuyang'anira imakhalabe yoopsa, chifukwa kufalikira kwa tizilombo kumatha kukula mwachangu, makamaka nyengo ikamayenda bwino.
Kutseka
Kulamulira tizilombo m'minda ya mpunga sikungotheka popopera mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Njira yothandiza komanso yokhazikika ndi Integrated Pest Management, yomwe imaphatikiza njira zolima bwino, kulamulira makina ndi zamoyo, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mankhwala ophera tizilombo ngati pakufunika kutero. Mwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira yoyenera, alimi amatha kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo, kusunga zipatso za mpunga, komanso kuteteza chilengedwe ndi thanzi la anthu. Pamapeto pake, kulamulira bwino tizilombo kumathandiza kwambiri kuti ulimi wa mpunga ukhale wokhazikika komanso kuti chakudya chikhale chotetezeka ku Indonesia.
