Kuletsa Tizilombo Pogwiritsa Ntchito Pheromones: Yankho Losawononga Chilengedwe
Pengenalan
M'zaka zaposachedwapa, tizilombo ta zaulimi takhala vuto lalikulu lomwe alimi ndi akatswiri a zaulimi akukumana nalo padziko lonse lapansi. Tizilombo monga tizilombo, nsabwe, ndi makoswe sizimangochepetsa zokolola zokha komanso zingayambitsenso kutayika kwakukulu kwachuma. Ngakhale kuti zimathandiza polimbana ndi tizilombo, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo nthawi zambiri kumakhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa pa chilengedwe ndi thanzi la anthu. Popeza anthu ambiri amadziwa kufunika kwa njira zokhazikika zaulimi, njira zopewera tizilombo zosawononga chilengedwe zikutchuka. Njira imodzi yotereyi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ma pheromones polimbana ndi tizilombo.
Kodi ma Pheromones ndi chiyani?
Ma pheromones ndi mankhwala omwe amapangidwa ndikutulutsidwa ndi nyama kuti azilankhulana ndi mitundu ina ya tizilombo. Ponena za tizilombo, ma pheromones ndi njira yolankhulirana yothandiza kwambiri ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kupeza chakudya, kukhazikitsa malo, komanso makamaka kupeza mnzake woti abereke. Mtundu uliwonse wa tizilombo uli ndi ma pheromones akeake, ndipo mayankho ku ma pheromones awa ndi apadera kwambiri.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Pheromones Poletsa Tizilombo
Kugwiritsa ntchito ma pheromone polimbana ndi tizilombo kumadalira pa mfundo yowongolera machitidwe a tizilombo tomwe timafuna. Njira zingapo zogwiritsira ntchito ma pheromone zatsimikiziridwa kuti ndi zothandiza polimbana ndi kuchuluka kwa tizilombo, kuphatikizapo:
1. Kusodza (Kusodza)
Njira imeneyi imaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito misampha yokhala ndi ma pheromones ogonana kuti akope tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta amuna. Tizilombo ta amuna tikalowa mu misampha, timagwidwa ndipo sitingathe kuthawa. Izi zimachepetsa chiwerengero cha amuna omwe ali m'chilengedwe, zomwe zimachepetsa mwayi wa akazi wothira feteleza ndikuyikira mazira.
2. Kusokonezeka kwa Kugonana
Njira imeneyi cholinga chake ndi kubisa zizindikiro zachilengedwe za pheromone zomwe zimatulutsidwa ndi tizilombo tachikazi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwa amuna kupeza anzawo. Izi zimachitika pofalitsa ma pheromone ambiri opangidwa m'chilengedwe chonse, zomwe zimasokoneza amuna ndikulepheretsa kupeza akazi kuti akwatire.
3. Kuchepa kwa Anthu (Kutsekereza Anthu Ambiri)
Mu njira iyi, misampha yokhala ndi pheromone imagwiritsidwa ntchito mochuluka kuti igwire tizilombo tochuluka. Njirayi sikuti imangochepetsa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo komanso ingathandizenso kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa tizilombo.
4. Kuwunika
Ma pheromones angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chida chowunikira kuti azindikire kupezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa tizilombo. Misampha ya pheromones imayikidwa m'minda yaulimi ndipo imawunikidwa nthawi zonse kuti adziwe nthawi yomwe njira zowongolera tizilombo zikufunika. Kuwunika kumeneku kumathandiza kuti pakhale njira zowongolera nthawi yake komanso zenizeni.
Ubwino Wogwiritsa Ntchito Pheromones
1. Wokonda zachilengedwe
Ma pheromones ndi mankhwala enieni omwe amakhudza mitundu yokhayo, motero samayambitsa zotsatira zoyipa pa chilengedwe kapena mitundu yomwe siiliyonse. Izi zikusiyana kwambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, omwe nthawi zambiri amawononga zachilengedwe.
2. Zotetezeka kwa Anthu
Popeza ma pheromones ndi mankhwala achilengedwe ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono kwambiri, nthawi zambiri amakhala otetezeka kwa anthu ndi ziweto. Palibe chiopsezo chokhudzana ndi poizoni kapena zotsalira za mankhwala, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala nkhawa kwambiri ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
3. Yogwira Ntchito Kwanthawi Yaitali
Kugwiritsa ntchito ma pheromones kungachepetse kuchuluka kwa tizilombo kwa nthawi yayitali mwa kusokoneza nthawi yawo yobereka. Mwa kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo kudzera mu kusokoneza kukwerana kapena kuyika chambo, titha kuchepetsa kufunikira kogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo mobwerezabwereza.
4. Kusankha
Chifukwa cha kudziwika kwawo, ma pheromones sasokoneza kuchuluka kwa tizilombo topindulitsa, monga nyama zolusa zachilengedwe kapena zonyamula mungu. Izi zimasunga bwino chilengedwe komanso zimathandiza zamoyo zosiyanasiyana.
Zofooka Zogwiritsa Ntchito Pheromones
Ngakhale kuti pali zabwino zambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito ma pheromones kulinso ndi zovuta zina zomwe tiyenera kuziganizira:
1. Ndalama Zoyambira Zapamwamba
Kupanga ndi kufalitsa ma pheromones opangidwa kungakhale kokwera mtengo, zomwe zingakhale zovuta kwa alimi ang'onoang'ono omwe ali ndi ndalama zochepa. Komabe, ndalama zimenezi nthawi zambiri zimachepetsedwa ndi kuchepa kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso kuwonjezeka kwa zokolola pakapita nthawi.
2. Kufotokozera mwapadera
Ngakhale kuti kulunjika bwino ndi ubwino pankhani yopewa kukhudza mitundu yosakhudzidwa, zikutanthauzanso kuti ma pheromones amagwira ntchito kokha motsutsana ndi mitundu ina ya tizilombo. Chifukwa chake, njira iyi siingakhudze mitundu yonse ya tizilombo tomwe timaukira mbewu.
3. Kufunika Chidziwitso ndi Maluso
Kugwiritsa ntchito pheromone kumafuna kudziwa za biology ya tizilombo tomwe tikufunira komanso momwe chilengedwe chilili. Kuyika bwino misampha ndi zotulutsira pheromone ndikofunikira kuti zotsatira zake zikhale zabwino, zomwe zimafuna maphunziro apadera ndi luso.
Kukhazikitsa Ntchito M'munda
Kugwiritsa ntchito ma pheromone polimbana ndi tizilombo kwachitika bwino m'madera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, ku India, ma pheromone akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri polimbana ndi tizilombo ta thonje. M'mayiko aku Europe, ma pheromone amagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi tizilombo ta m'munda, monga polimbana ndi njenjete za apulo. Ku United States, ma pheromone agwiritsidwa ntchito mu chimanga ndi mbewu zosiyanasiyana za m'munda.
Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ma pheromone polimbana ndi njenjete ya armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), yomwe ndi tizilombo toopsa kwambiri m'maiko ambiri aku Africa. Kugwiritsa ntchito misampha ya ma pheromone kumathandiza alimi kuyang'anira bwino ndikulamulira kuchuluka kwa tizilomboti popanda kuwononga chilengedwe.
Mapeto
Ma pheromones amapereka njira yatsopano komanso yosamalira chilengedwe yolimbana ndi tizilombo taulimi. Mwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zachilengedwe zolumikizirana pakati pa tizilombo, titha kuchepetsa kudalira kwathu mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zaulimi zokhazikika. Komabe, kafukufuku wowonjezereka ndi chitukuko zimafunika kuti tichepetse ndalama zopangira ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito a pheromone. Thandizo kuchokera ku maboma ndi mabungwe ofufuza ndilofunikanso pakukulitsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi pakati pa alimi.
Ndi njira yoyenera, ma pheromones akhoza kukhala gawo lofunikira pa njira yolumikizirana yoyang'anira tizilombo, zomwe zimatithandiza kuteteza mbewu, chilengedwe, ndi thanzi la anthu.
