Njira Zobowolera ndi Kukumba Migodi ya Mafakitale
Miyala ya mafakitale ndi gulu la mchere womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zakuthupi ndi zamakemikolo, osati chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa chitsulo. Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo miyala yamchere, dolomite, gypsum, kaolin, mchenga wa quartz, feldspar, bentonite, zeolite, phosphate, talc, ndi mchere. Miyala iyi ndi maziko a mafakitale ambiri: simenti ndi zomangamanga, magalasi ndi zoumba, feteleza, mapepala, utoto, mankhwala, komanso zodzaza mu mapulasitiki ndi rabara. Chifukwa makhalidwe a miyala ya mafakitale amasiyana kwambiri—kuyambira malo oyandikira pamwamba mpaka omwe ali pansi kwambiri—njira zobowolera ndi migodi zomwe zasankhidwa ziyenera kusinthidwa malinga ndi geology, mtundu wa mchere, makulidwe a zigawo, mikhalidwe ya hydrogeological, komanso kukula kwa chinthu chomwe chikufunidwa komanso kuyera kwake.
Udindo wa Kuboola Migodi mu Migodi Yaikulu Yamakampani
Kuboola pogwiritsa ntchito miyala yamtengo wapatali m'mafakitale kuli ndi zolinga ziwiri zazikulu: (1) kufufuza kuti mudziwe mawonekedwe, makulidwe, kugawa, kuchuluka/kuyera, ndi kusiyana kwa ubwino wa zinthu zomwe zasungidwa; ndi (2) kupanga, ndiko kuboola kuti ziphulike kapena kuwongolera khalidwe la zinthu panthawi ya migodi. Mu miyala yamtengo wapatali m'mafakitale, zinthu zabwino nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kuposa "kuchuluka" monga momwe zilili ndi zitsulo. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa SiO₂ mu mchenga wa quartz, kuchuluka kwa CaCO₃ mu miyala yamchere, kuchuluka kwa kuwala mu kaolin, kapena kuchuluka kwa Fe₂O₃ kodetsa komwe kungachepetse ubwino wa zinthu.
Njira Zodziwika Bwino Zobowolera
1. Kuboola kwa Auger (kuboola kokhala ndi ulusi)
Njirayi ndi yothandiza pa malo osaya monga dongo, mchenga, laterite, kapena kaolin pafupi ndi pamwamba. Ubwino wake ndi mtengo wotsika komanso liwiro, koma kuya kwake ndi kochepa, ndipo ubwino wa chitsanzo ukhoza kusokonekera ngati zinthuzo zili zotayirira kwambiri kapena zodzaza ndi madzi.
2. Kuboola kozungulira
Kuboola kozungulira kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga miyala yolimba komanso miyala yolimba yochepa. Nthawi zina, kuboola kozungulira kumatha kukhala ndi njira yoyendera mpweya kapena matope kuti kunyamule zidutswazo. Njirayi ndi yachangu, koma zitsanzo za zidutswazo nthawi zambiri sizimayimira bwino kusanthula kwatsatanetsatane kuposa pakati pa kuboola.
3. Kuboola pakati pa diamondi
Iyi ndiyo njira yopezera zitsanzo za maziko a miyala osawonongeka, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pa miyala ya limestone, dolomite, gypsum, kapena miyala ina yamafakitale yapamwamba yomwe imafuna kufotokozedwa kwa kapangidwe kake, kusweka, makulidwe a zigawo, ndi kusintha kwa lithological. Mtengo wake ndi wokwera, koma deta yomwe yapezeka ndi yokwanira komanso yolondola.
4. Kuboola kwa reverse circulation (RC)
RC imapanga zitsanzo za shale zoyera komanso zowoneka bwino kuposa za rotary wamba chifukwa kuzungulira kwa reverse kumathandiza kuchepetsa kuipitsidwa kwa pakati pa zigawo. Njira iyi ndi yoyenera pojambula mwachangu malo osiyanasiyana.
Kapangidwe ka Pulogalamu Yobowola ndi Kuwongolera Ubwino
Mu mchere wa mafakitale, mtunda pakati pa zinthu zobowola nthawi zambiri umatsimikiziridwa ndi momwe khalidwe limasinthira mofulumira mozungulira komanso molunjika. Malo osungiramo zinthu ofanana amatha kugwiritsa ntchito malo okulirapo, pomwe malo osungiramo zinthu zosalala kapena zodetsedwa amafunika kubowola pafupi. Deta ya kubowola nthawi zambiri imawonjezeredwa ndi mayeso a labotale: XRF/XRD ya kapangidwe ka mchere, kusanthula kukula kwa tirigu, kuyesa kuwala/kuyera, kuyesa kuchuluka kwa chinyezi, ndi kuyesa katundu weniweni (monga, kukanda mchenga wa silika). Zotsatira zake zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mitundu ya geology ndi khalidwe yomwe imapanga maziko okonzekera ndi kusakaniza migodi.
Njira Zogwiritsira Ntchito Migodi Yamakampani
Kawirikawiri, njira zofukula miyala m'mafakitale zimagawidwa m'magulu monga migodi ya pamwamba, migodi ya pansi pa nthaka, ndi njira zapadera monga kukumba mozama kapena migodi ya yankho. Kusankha njira kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kuya kwa malo osungira, makulidwe a zigawo, chiŵerengero cha kuchotsa, momwe zinthu zilili, ndi zolinga za mphamvu zopangira.
1) Kukumba Migodi Yotseguka (Migodi)
Kukumba m'mabowo otseguka ndiyo njira yodziwika kwambiri yopangira miyala ya m'mafakitale chifukwa malo ambiri amapezeka pafupi ndi pamwamba. Pa miyala monga miyala yamchere, dolomite, andesite, granite, kapena gypsum, mawu oti "quarry" nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Magawo Aakulu a Kukumba Migodi Yotseguka
- Kuchotsa malo ndi kuchotsa katundu wochulukirapo pogwiritsa ntchito makina okumba, ma bulldozer ndi magalimoto otayira zinyalala.
- Kupanga mabenchi kuti malo otsetsereka akhale olimba komanso otetezeka.
– Kusweka kwa miyala ndi kuphulika kapena popanda kuphulika (kudula/kung'amba kwa makina), kutengera kuuma kwa thanthwe.
- Kukweza ndi kunyamula kupita ku chotsukira kapena chosungiramo zinthu.
- Kukonza koyamba monga kuphwanya, kuyeretsa, kutsuka, ndi kusakaniza.
Kuboola ndi Kuphulitsa Mabomba ku Quarry
Mu miyala yolimba, kuboola mabowo pogwiritsa ntchito nyundo yapamwamba kapena kuboola pansi pa dzenje (DTH). Kapangidwe ka kuboola (kulemera, kutalika, kuyika tsinde, ndi mphamvu) kuyenera kuganizira izi:
- Kugawikana komwe kukufunika kuti kugwirizane ndi mphamvu ya crusher ndikuchepetsa ndalama zopondereza.
- Lamulirani kugwedezeka makamaka mukakhala pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu.
- Chepetsani kugwedezeka kwambiri kuti musunge khalidwe ndi kukhazikika kwa milingo.
Pa miyala ina ya mafakitale, kuphulika kungakhale koletsedwa chifukwa kungayambitse kuipitsidwa, kubweretsa ndalama zambiri, kapena kuchepetsa ubwino (mwachitsanzo, miyala yoyezera kapena mitundu ina ya miyala yamchere yomwe imafuna kukula kwinakwake). Muzochitika zotere, kung'amba ndi ma bulldozer akuluakulu kapena migodi ya pamwamba pa nthaka kumagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Zida Zina: Wogwiritsa Ntchito Pamwamba
Ogwira ntchito m'migodi ya pamwamba amadula miyala mwaukadaulo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yofanana popanda kuphulika. Ubwino wake:
- kusankha bwino (kosavuta kusiyanitsa magawo abwino),
- kugwedezeka kotsika,
- kuchepetsa kufunika koboola ndi kuphulitsa.
Komabe, ndalama zogulira zida ndi kukonza zinthu zitha kukhala zokwera ndipo sizigwira ntchito bwino pazifukwa zina.
2) Kukumba Migodi Pansi pa Dziko
Kukumba pansi pa nthaka kumakondedwa ngati malo osungiramo zinthu ali pansi pa nthaka, chivundikiro chake chili chokhuthala kwambiri, kapena malo ozungulira ali osavuta kuwazindikira (monga malo okhala anthu, malo osungira zinthu zachilengedwe, kapena malo obiriwira omwe ndi ovuta kuwatsegula). Mu mchere wa mafakitale, migodi ya pansi pa nthaka ndi yofala kwambiri chifukwa cha mchere wa miyala, malo ena osungiramo zinthu monga gypsum, potashi, kapena miyala yamtengo wapatali.
Njira Zodziwika Bwino Zokumba Pansi pa Madzi
1. Chipinda ndi chipilala
Zipilalazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popangira miyala yathyathyathya monga mchere, gypsum, ndi miyala ya laimu, ndipo zimasiyidwa kuti zithandizire denga. Njirayi ndi yothandiza, koma kukonzekera za geotechnical ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti zipilalazo zikhale zolimba mokwanira kuti zisagwe.
2. Dulani ndi kudzaza
Yoyenera malo osakhala ofanana kapena apamwamba omwe amafuna kusankha bwino. Pambuyo poti miyala yachotsedwa, chipindacho chimadzazidwanso kuti chikhale chokhazikika.
3. Kuyimitsa pansi pa mlingo (pansi pa mikhalidwe ina)
Chofala kwambiri mu miyala yachitsulo, koma chingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamene mawonekedwe ake ndi abwino ndipo zofunikira pakupanga zili zapamwamba.
Kuboola Migodi Yobisika Pansi pa Dziko
Kuboola nthawi zambiri kumafuna kugwiritsa ntchito choboola chachikulu popanga mabowo ophulika kapena mabowo obowola miyala. Kwa mchere wa mafakitale womwe umakhudzidwa ndi kuipitsidwa, kulamulira fumbi, mpweya wabwino, ndi njira zosamalira nyumba ndizofunikira kwambiri.
3) Kukumba ndi Kuyika Migodi M'mafakitale
Pa mipata ya mchenga ndi miyala (yophatikizana), mchenga wa quartz, kapena mchere wina wolemera womwe umapezeka m'mitsinje yakale, magombe, kapena nyanja, njira zodulira zingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu:
- Chodulira chodulira: chimadula zinthu ndikuyamwa matope.
– Chidebe/unyolo wothira madzi: amagwiritsa ntchito unyolo wothira madzi.
Ubwino wokumba matabwa ndi monga kugwira ntchito bwino m'madzi odzaza ndi madzi komanso kuchepetsa ntchito zochotsa matabwa. Mavuto akuphatikizapo kuthana ndi dothi loipa, kukhazikika kwa mabanki, komanso kufunika kosungira malo osungiramo matope.
4) Kukumba Mayankho a Mchere ndi Michere Yosungunuka
Kukumba njira yothetsera vutoli kumaphatikizapo kubaya madzi kuti asungunule mchere (monga halite/mchere), kenako kupopera madziwo pamwamba kuti asungunuke kapena kukonzedwa. Njirayi imachepetsa kufukula kwenikweni koma imafuna kuwongolera kwambiri:
- njira ndi kuchuluka kwa kusungunuka (kulamulira mapanga),
- chiopsezo cha kuchepa (kugwa),
- kasamalidwe ka madzi ndi zinyalala.
Kudziwa Zinthu Zoyenera Kusankha Njira
1. Jiyomethri ndi kuzama kwa malo osungiramo zinthu
Malo osaya kwambiri nthawi zambiri amakumbidwa m'malo otseguka; malo ozama kwambiri ndi oyenera kwambiri kukumba pansi pa nthaka kapena pogwiritsa ntchito njira yothetsera vutoli.
2. Ubwino ndi kusiyana kwa zinthu
Miyala ya mafakitale nthawi zambiri imafuna kusankha bwino komanso kusakaniza. Njira zomwe zimathandiza kulekanitsa zigawo (kusankha migodi) nthawi zambiri zimakhala zopindulitsa kwambiri.
3. Kapangidwe ka miyala
Kulimba, kukwawa, kusweka, ndi kuchuluka kwa kugwedezeka kwa nthaka kumatsimikizira ngati kuphulika, kung'ambika, kapena kudula n'kofunika.
4. Mikhalidwe ya madzi ndi nthaka
Madzi ambiri a pansi pa nthaka amafunika kuchotsedwa madzi kapena kusankha njira yogwirizana ndi nyengo yonyowa (monga kupukuta).
5. Chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu
Fumbi, phokoso, kugwedezeka kwa kuphulika, kugwiritsa ntchito madzi, ndi kukonzanso nthaka ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri.
Kutseka
Njira zobowola ndi kukumba miyala yamtengo wapatali sizigwiritsidwa ntchito ndi aliyense, chifukwa cholinga chachikulu si kungotenga "monga momwe zingathere," koma kupanga zinthu zomwe zili ndi makhalidwe abwino komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ndalama. Kubowola kumachita gawo lofunika kuyambira kufufuza mpaka kuwongolera kupanga, kuthandiza kuwunikira kusiyana kwa ubwino wa migodi ndi kukonzekera bwino kosakaniza. Pakadali pano, migodi ya miyala yotseguka ikadali chisankho chachikulu cha migodi yambiri yamafuta, kutsatiridwa ndi njira zobisika pansi pa nthaka, zokumba, ndi njira zothetsera mavuto, kutengera mawonekedwe a malo osungiramo. Ndi kusankha njira yoyenera, njira zotetezera, komanso kasamalidwe kabwino ka chilengedwe, migodi yamafuta ...
