Kugawa kwa Machitidwe a Biome
Biome ndi gulu lalikulu la zachilengedwe, lomwe lili ndi dera lalikulu, lodziwika ndi nyengo, dothi, ndi zomera ndi zinyama zofanana. Biome iliyonse ili ndi machitidwe ake achilengedwe omwe amakhudza mitundu ya zamoyo zomwe zingakule kumeneko. Pali mitundu ingapo ya biome padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikizapo nkhalango zamvula za m'madera otentha, savanna, udzu, zipululu, taigas, tundra, ndi zina. Nkhaniyi ikambirana za kufalikira ndi makhalidwe a machitidwe ena akuluakulu a biome padziko lonse lapansi.
1. Nkhalango Yamvula Yam'madera Otentha
Nkhalango zamvula za m'madera otentha ndi imodzi mwa nkhalango zodziwika bwino kwambiri, zodziwika bwino chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo. Ili pafupi ndi equator, nkhalangoyi imakhala ndi nyengo yotentha komanso yachinyezi chaka chonse. Mayiko omwe ali ndi nkhalango zambiri zamvula za m'madera otentha ndi monga Brazil, Indonesia, ndi Democratic Republic of Congo.
Kugawa
Nkhalango zamvula za m'madera otentha zimapezeka m'chigawo chonse cha equator, makamaka ku South America (makamaka ku Amazon), Central Africa, ndi Southeast Asia. Madera amenewa amalandira mvula yambiri pachaka, nthawi zambiri yoposa 2000 mm, ndipo kutentha kumakhala kotentha chaka chonse.
Khalidwe
Nkhalango zimenezi zili ndi mitengo yochuluka kwambiri, zomwe zimapanga zomera zingapo. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera ndi zinyama, zomwe zambiri mwa izo zimapezeka m'madera ena kapena sizipezeka kwina kulikonse, zimapangitsa nkhalango zamvula za m'madera otentha kukhala imodzi mwa zomera zofunika kwambiri pankhani ya zamoyo zosiyanasiyana.
2. Savannah
Savanna ndi malo okhala pakati pa nkhalango ndi malo odyetserako udzu, omwe amadziwika ndi mitengo yochepa komanso malo odyetserako udzu ambiri. Malo odyetserako udzu amakhala ndi nyengo zosiyanasiyana zamvula ndi zouma.
Kugawa
Ma savanna otchuka kwambiri amapezeka ku Africa, omwe amaphimba pafupifupi theka la kontinenti. Komabe, zomerazi zimapezekanso ku South America (monga Cerrado ku Brazil), Southeast Asia, ndi kumpoto kwa Australia.
Khalidwe
Ngakhale kuti ndi nkhalango zochepa, savannas zimathandiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo. Ndi kwawo kwa nyama zazikulu kwambiri zakuthengo, monga njovu, mikango, ndi akadyamsonga. Dothi la Savannah nthawi zambiri limakhala lachonde kwambiri ndipo limathandizira ulimi likathiriridwa bwino.
3. Udzu
Malo odyetserako udzu ndi malo odzaza ndi udzu, okhala ndi mitengo yochepa kapena yopanda. Malo amenewa amapezeka pakati pa makontinenti ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi nyengo zamvula ndi zouma nthawi zonse.
Kugawa
Malo akuluakulu odyetsera udzu amapezeka ku North America (omwe amadziwika kuti madambo), Eurasia (stek), ndi madera ena a South America (pampas). Ku Africa, malo odyetsera udzu amadziwika kuti veldt.
Khalidwe
Malo odyetserako udzu amathandiza mitundu yambiri ya zomera, monga njati, nswala, ndi akavalo akuthengo, zomwe zimalamulira zomera podya udzu. Zomerazo makamaka zimakhala ndi udzu wokhala ndi zitsamba zingapo ndi mitengo yaying'ono.
4. Chipululu
Zipululu ndi malo otentha kwambiri komanso ofala kwambiri okhala ndi mvula yochepa kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale malo amodzi mwa malo ovuta kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Kugawa
Zipululu zimapezeka m'malo angapo padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikizapo Chipululu cha Sahara ku Africa, Chipululu cha Gobi ku Asia, Chipululu cha Arabia ku Middle East, ndi Chipululu cha Atacama ku South America.
Khalidwe
Zipululu zimakhala ndi kutentha kwambiri tsiku lililonse, kuyambira kutentha masana mpaka kuzizira usiku. Zomera za m'chipululu, monga cacti, zakhala zikusunga madzi kwa nthawi yayitali. Zinyama zodziwika bwino za m'chipululu zimaphatikizapo nyama monga ngamila, njoka, ndi nkhandwe za m'chipululu, zomwe zakhala zikupulumuka m'mikhalidwe yovutayi.
5. Taiga (Nkhalango ya Boreal)
Taiga ndi chomera chachikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, chomwe chimadziwikanso kuti nkhalango ya boreal. Taiga imadziwika ndi mitengo ya coniferous monga paini, spruce, ndi larch.
Kugawa
Taiga imapezeka kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi, makamaka ku Canada, Alaska, Scandinavia, ndi Russia.
Khalidwe
Malo amenewa amakhala ndi nyengo yozizira yayitali komanso yovuta komanso chilimwe chachifupi. Dothi la taiga nthawi zambiri limakhala lozizira kwambiri, ndipo zomera ndi zinyama zambiri m'derali zasintha kuti zigwirizane ndi nyengo yozizira.
6. Tundra
Tundra ndi zomera zodziwika bwino chifukwa cha nyengo yozizira kwambiri komanso zomera zochepa. Mitundu iyi imagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri: arctic tundra ndi alpine tundra.
Kugawa
Malo otchedwa Arctic tundra amapezeka kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi, mozungulira Arctic Circle, kuphatikizapo Russia, Canada, ndi Scandinavia. Malo otchedwa Alpine tundra amapezeka m'mapiri ataliatali padziko lonse lapansi.
Khalidwe
Tundra imakhala ndi nyengo yochepa kwambiri yokulira, ndipo nthaka yake yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala yozizira nthawi zonse (permafrost) imapangitsa kuti mizu ya mitengo ikhale yovuta kukula. Zomera zimakhala ndi mosses, lichens, ndi mitundu ingapo ya zomera zazing'ono. Zinyama zambiri zimaphatikizapo mbalame zosamukasamuka, reindeer, ndi zimbalangondo zaku polar, zomwe zimakhala ndi masinthidwe apadera kuti zipirire nyengo yozizira kwambiri.
Kutseka
Kufalikira kwa machitidwe a biome kumatsimikiziridwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe monga nyengo, mtundu wa nthaka, ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana. Biome iliyonse imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakusunga bwino chilengedwe cha padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo kukhalapo kwake ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti zamoyo zonse padziko lapansi zipulumuke. Kusiyanasiyana kwa dongosolo lililonse kumapereka zopereka zapadera ku zamoyo zosiyanasiyana za Dziko Lapansi ndi njira zachilengedwe, zomwe zikuwonetsa kufunikira komvetsetsa ndikusunga malo osiyanasiyana awa.
