Chiphunzitso cha Kinetic
Njira yotulutsira mpweya ingathe kufotokozedwa pogwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso cha kinetic. Monga mamolekyu a mpweya, mamolekyu a madzi nawonso amayenda. Kusiyana kwake ndi kwakuti mamolekyu a madzi sangalekanitsidwe chifukwa mphamvu zokopa pakati pawo zimatha kuzigwirizanitsa. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mphamvu zokopa pakati pa mamolekyu a mpweya ndi zofooka kwambiri, kotero mamolekyu a mpweya sangagwirizane. Poyenda, mamolekyu a madzi amakhala ndi liwiro. Mamolekyu ena a madzi amakhala ndi liwiro lalikulu, pomwe ena amakhala ndi liwiro lochepa. Kufalikira kwa mamolekyu a madzi kumafanana ndi kufalikira kwa Maxwell.
Kutuluka kwa nthunzi kumachitika pamene liwiro la mamolekyu a madzi ndi lalikulu mokwanira, kotero kuti mphamvu yokoka pakati pa mamolekyu a madzi singathe kuwagwirizanitsa pamodzi. Mofanana ndi roketi yomwe ikuyenda mumlengalenga, liwiro la roketi ndi lalikulu mokwanira kotero kuti mphamvu yokoka ya dziko lapansi singathe kuiletsa kuti isapitirire padziko lapansi. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mamolekyu okha omwe ali ndi liwiro lalikulu ndi omwe amatha kuthawa mphamvu yokoka pakati pa mamolekyu. Mamolekyu omwe ali ndi liwiro laling'ono amaphatikizanabe kuti apange madzi.
Mamolekyu a madzi ali ndi kulemera ndi liwiro kapena liwiro kotero kuti mamolekyu a madzi ali ndi mphamvu ya kinetic (EK = 1/2 mv2). Mamolekyu amadzi omwe ali ndi liwiro lalikulu amakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu ya kinetic kuposa mamolekyu amadzi omwe ali ndi liwiro lochepa. Motero, tinganene kuti mamolekyu amadzi omwe amatha kuthawa mphamvu zokopa pakati pa mamolekyu (mamolekyu amadzi omwe amasanduka nthunzi) amakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu ya kinetic. Nthawi zambiri, mphamvu ya kinetic ya mamolekyu amadzi imawonjezeka pamene kutentha kwa madzi kukukwera. Ngati kutentha kwa madzi kuli kokwanira, mphamvu ya kinetic ya mamolekyu amadzi imawonjezeka. Motero, madzi ambiri amasanduka nthunzi. Izi zikugwirizana ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku zomwe zikusonyeza kuti kuchuluka kwa nthunzi nthawi zambiri kumakhala kwakukulu kutentha kwambiri.
Tikamaumitsa zovala zonyowa padzuwa, zovala zonyowa zimayamwa kutentha komwe kumachokera ku dzuwa. Mphamvu yowonjezera kuchokera ku dzuwa imapangitsa kuti mphamvu ya kinetic ya mamolekyu amadzi m'zovala ichuluke. Chifukwa mphamvu ya kinetic imawonjezeka, mamolekyu amadzi amayenda mofulumira (liwiro la mamolekyu amadzi limawonjezeka). Liwiro lawo kapena mphamvu ya kinetic ikafika pamtengo winawake, mamolekyu amadzi amatha kuthawa mphamvu zokopa pakati pa mamolekyu amadzi, kenako n’kusanduka nthunzi. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti kuuma kwa zovala zonyowa sikumangokhudzidwa ndi kutentha kowonjezera kuchokera kudzuwa. Zovala zonyowa zimathanso kuuma chifukwa cha kutentha kowonjezera kuchokera ku mpweya wofunda wozungulira zovala (kutentha kumasamutsidwa ndi conduction kuchokera mumlengalenga kupita ku zovala zonyowa).
Pa tsiku lotentha, nthaka kapena pansi zimatentha mofulumira kwambiri. Nthaka imatentha mofulumira chifukwa kutentha kwake kumakhala kwakukulu. Nthaka imatentha mpweya pamwamba pake (pankhaniyi, kutentha kumachitika ndi conduction). Mpweya wotentha umakula (kuchuluka kwake kumachepa) ndipo umapita mmwamba. Ukadutsa pa zovala zonyowa, mamolekyu a mpweya amagundana ndi mamolekyu a madzi omwe ali mu zovalazo. Mamolekyu a madzi amasuntha mofulumira. Chifukwa amayenda mofulumira, mphamvu ya kinetic ya mamolekyu a madzi imawonjezeka. Mamolekyu a madzi oyenda mofulumira amagundana ndi mamolekyu ena a madzi. Chifukwa amagundana mosalekeza ndi mamolekyu a mpweya, mamolekyu a madzi amasuntha mofulumira (mphamvu yawo ya kinetic imawonjezeka).
Mphamvu yawo ya liwiro kapena kinetic ikafika pamtengo winawake, mamolekyu amadzi othamanga kwambiri amatha kuthawa kukopana pakati pa mamolekyu ndikusintha kukhala nthunzi… Mphamvu ya kinetic ya mamolekyu amadzi kapena mamolekyu amlengalenga imayenderana kwambiri ndi kutentha. Ngati mphamvu ya kinetic ya mamolekyu amadzi ndi yayikulu, nthawi yomweyo kutentha kwa madzi kumakhala kwakukulu. Kapena mosemphanitsa, pamene kutentha kwa madzi kuli kwakukulu, mphamvu ya kinetic ya mamolekyu amadzi iyenera kukhala yayikulu. Mphamvu ya kinetic imayenderananso ndi liwiro. Mphamvu ya kinetic ya mamolekyu ikakhala yayikulu, liwiro la mamolekyu limakhala lalikulu. Kapena mosemphanitsa, liwiro la mamolekyu likakhala lalikulu, mphamvu ya kinetic ya mamolekyu imakulirakulira.
Nanga bwanji madzi otentha? Madzi otentha ali ndi kutentha kwakukulu. Chifukwa kutentha kwa madzi kumakhala kokwera, mamolekyu amadzi m'madzi amakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu ya kinetic. Chifukwa mphamvu yapakati ya kinetic ya mamolekyu amadzi ndi yayikulu, mamolekyu ambiri amadzi amakhala ndi liwiro lalikulu (mamolekyu ambiri amadzi amayenda mwachangu). Mamolekyu amadzi omwe ali ndi liwiro lalikulu amatha kuthawa mphamvu zokopa pakati pa mamolekyu ndikusintha kukhala nthunzi. Mamolekyu amadzi okha omwe ali ndi liwiro lalikulu (mamolekyu amadzi okhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu ya kinetic) amatuluka kupita ku nthunzi, pomwe mamolekyu amadzi omwe ali ndi liwiro lotsika (mamolekyu amadzi okhala ndi mphamvu yaying'ono ya kinetic) sasintha kukhala nthunzi. Chifukwa chake, mamolekyu amadzi omwe ali ndi liwiro lalikulu akasintha kukhala nthunzi, mphamvu yapakati ya kinetic ya mamolekyu amadzi omwe amakhala pamodzi imakhala yocheperako. Mphamvu yapakati ya kinetic ikachepa, kutentha kwa madzi kumakhala kotsika (madzi amakhala ozizira). Kutengera ndi kufotokozera kwachidule kumeneku, tinganene kuti kuzizira ndi njira yozizira.
Kuzizira komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuzizira kwa mpweya kumachitika nthawi zambiri m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Mpweya ukakhala wotentha kwambiri, thupi limayamwa kutentha kwambiri. Kuti thupi likhale ndi kutentha kosalekeza, thupi nthawi zambiri limatulutsa kutentha kudzera mu thukuta. Chifukwa thukuta limalandira kutentha kowonjezereka kuchokera ku dzuwa ndi mpweya wozungulira, mphamvu ya kinetic ya mamolekyu a thukuta imawonjezeka. Chifukwa mphamvu ya kinetic ya mamolekyu a thukuta imawonjezeka, liwiro la mamolekyu a thukuta limawonjezeka. Mamolekyu a thukuta amasanduka nthunzi. Thukuta likamatuluka, thupi limamva kuzizira. Nayi chitsanzo china... Nthawi zambiri tikasamba, thupi lathu limamva kuzizira. Izi zimachitika chifukwa madzi omwe amamatira pamwamba pa khungu amatuluka nthunzi.
Njira yosinthira madzi kukhala nthunzi yomwe yafotokozedwa pamwambapa imachitika tsiku lililonse. Madzi a m'nyanja, madzi a m'nyanja, ndi madzi a m'mitsinje amathanso kusungunuka...
Kupanikizika kwa nthunzi
Apa tanthauzo la nthunzi ndi nthunzi ya madzi. Yang'anani chithunzicho. Chidebe chotsekedwa chodzazidwa ndi madzi (ganizirani kuti mpweya womwe uli mu chidebecho wachotsedwa). Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha kinetic, mamolekyu amadzi nthawi zonse amayenda. Akamayenda, mamolekyu amadzi amakhala ndi liwiro komanso mphamvu ya kinetic. Mamolekyu amadzi omwe ali ndi liwiro lokwanira komanso mphamvu ya kinetic amatha kuthawa mphamvu zokopa pakati pa mamolekyu amadzi ndikusintha kukhala nthunzi... Njira yomweyi imachitikanso ndi mamolekyu amadzi omwe ali mu chidebe chomwe chili pafupi nacho. Pamene nthawi ikupita, mamolekyu ambiri amadzi amasanduka nthunzi. Chifukwa chidebecho chatsekedwa, mamolekyu amadzi omwe asandulika nthunzi sangathawire mumlengalenga (mamolekyuwo ali mu chidebecho). Chiwerengero cha mamolekyu amadzi omwe asandulika nthunzi ndi chachikulu mokwanira kotero kuti pakhoza kukhala kugundana pakati pa mamolekyu ndi makoma a chidebecho.
Mamolekyu ena omwe amagunda makoma a chidebecho adzawonekeranso pamwamba pa madzi ndikupanga madzi. Izi zimabwerezabwereza mosalekeza. Pakapita nthawi, mamolekyu ambiri amadzi amasanduka nthunzi (kusintha kuchoka ku madzi kupita ku nthunzi). Nthawi yomweyo, mamolekyu ena omwe amagunda makoma a chidebecho amasandukanso kukhala madzi (kusintha kuchoka ku nthunzi kupita ku madzi). Ngati chiwerengero cha mamolekyu omwe amasintha kuchoka ku madzi kupita ku nthunzi chili chofanana ndi chiwerengero cha mamolekyu omwe amasintha kuchoka ku nthunzi kupita ku madzi, ndiye kuti kufanana kudzachitika. Pamene kufanana kudzachitika, pamwamba pa chidebe chomwe chili ndi nthunzi chimanenedwa kuti chadzaza… Kuthamanga kwa nthunzi m'dera lodzaza kumadziwika kuti Kuthamanga kwa nthunzi kodzaza.
Kusintha kuchokera ku madzi kupita ku nthunzi kumatchedwa evaporation. Kusintha kuchokera ku nthunzi kupita ku madzi kumatchedwa condensation. Dziwani kuti kuthamanga kwa nthunzi yokhuta kumadalira kutentha kokha osati kuchuluka. Pamene kutentha kwa madzi kukukwera, mphamvu ya kinetic ya mamolekyu a madzi imawonjezeka.
Mphamvu ya kinetic ya mamolekyu amadzi imawonjezeka kotero kuti liwiro la mamolekyu amadzi liyenera kukwera. Mwanjira imeneyi, mamolekyu ambiri okhala ndi liwiro lalikulu amasanduka nthunzi (kusintha mkhalidwe kuchokera ku madzi kupita ku nthunzi). Chifukwa voliyumu ya chidebecho imakhala yokhazikika, kuthamanga kwa nthunzi kumadalira kokha kuchuluka kwa mamolekyu (N) ndi liwiro (v).
Mamolekyu ambiri (N yayikulu) omwe amasanduka nthunzi ndipo liwiro la mamolekyu awa (v yayikulu), kuthamanga kwa nthunzi kumawonjezeka. Motero, kulinganiza kudzachitika pa kupanikizika kwakukulu kwa nthunzi. Chifukwa chake, kuthamanga kwa nthunzi yokhuta kudzawonjezekanso. Kupanikizika kwa nthunzi yokhuta kumangokhalapo pokhapokha ngati kulinganiza kwafika. Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kusintha kwa kuthamanga kwa nthunzi yokhuta ya madzi ndi kutentha.
Kuthamanga kwa nthunzi kumadalira kuchuluka kwa mpweya, koma kuthamanga kwa nthunzi yokhuta sikudalira. Ngati kuchuluka kwa nthunzi yokhuta kukuwonjezeka kapena kutsika, kukwanira kudzafikiridwa pamapeto pake. Chitsanzo chomwe chili pamwambapa chikungokuthandizani kumvetsetsa kuthamanga kwa nthunzi yokhuta komwe kumachitika mumlengalenga. Kusiyana kwake ndikuti, mu chithunzi chapitachi, tidaganiza kuti panalibe mpweya mu gawo la nthunzi yomwe inalibe madzi. Chifukwa chake, gawo la nthunzi yomwe inalibe madzi linali ndi nthunzi yokha. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, pamwamba pa Dziko lapansi nthawi zonse pamakhala mpweya. Kugundana pakati pa mamolekyulu a nthunzi ndi mamolekyulu ena a mpweya kumangowonjezera nthawi yomwe imatenga kuti kukwanira kufikire kukwanira. Komabe, kukwanira kudzafikiridwa pamene kuchuluka kwa mamolekyulu amadzi omwe amasanduka nthunzi kuli kofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa mamolekyulu a nthunzi omwe amasanduka madzi.
