Mbiri ya Meteorology: Kuchokera ku Aristotle kupita ku Ma Satellite Apamwamba
Meteorology, sayansi yomwe imaphunzira za zochitika za mlengalenga, yasintha kwambiri pakapita nthawi. Yakhala ulendo wodabwitsa, kuyambira pakuwona zinthu zosavuta mpaka kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wapamwamba monga ma satellite. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza mbiri ya meteorology, ulendo wodzaza ndi zinthu zatsopano komanso zatsopano.
Meteorology Yakale (Zaka za m'ma 18 zisanachitike)
Mbiri ya nyengo imayambira ku Greece Yakale. Munthu wofunika kwambiri pa nthawiyi anali Aristotle, yemwe analemba buku lakuti "Meteorologica" cha m'ma 340 BC. Bukuli linalemba zinthu zosiyanasiyana zokhudza mlengalenga monga mphepo, mvula, mphezi, ndi chifunga. Ngakhale kuti malingaliro a Aristotle sanali olondola mokwanira, anali maziko omvetsetsa bwino nyengo ndi mlengalenga.
Pambuyo pake, m'zaka za m'ma 2 BC, Hipparchus wa ku Nicaea anaika nyenyezi m'ndandanda ndipo anapeza kuti ma equinoxes analipo, zomwe zinathandiza kuti pakhale kuwerengera kolondola kwa kalendala. Pa nthawi yomweyi, anthu aku China anayamba kulemba bwino nyengo ndi nyengo, zomwe zinathandiza kwambiri pakukula kwa nyengo.
Nthawi Yapakati (zaka za m'ma 9 mpaka 16)
Mu nthawi ya Chisilamu, asayansi monga Al-Kindi ndi Ibn Sina (Avicenna) adapereka chidziwitso chofunikira pa za nyengo. M'mabuku ake "The Book of Healing" ndi "The Canon of Medicine," Ibn Sina adafotokoza zochitika zosiyanasiyana za mlengalenga ndipo anayesa kumvetsetsa zomwe zimayambitsa.
Ku Ulaya, kayendetsedwe ka Renaissance ka m'zaka za m'ma 16 kanabweretsa zatsopano mu sayansi. Leonardo da Vinci adachita zoyeserera zambiri zokhudzana ndi mlengalenga, ngakhale kuti ntchito zake zambiri sizinamveke mpaka atamwalira. Barometer yoyamba idamangidwa ndi Evangelista Torricelli mu 1643, zomwe zidalola kuti pakhale kuyeza kolondola kwa kuthamanga kwa mpweya.
Nthawi ya Chidziwitso (zaka za m'ma 17 mpaka 19)
Kupita patsogolo kwakukulu mu zanyengo kunachitika panthawi ya Chidziwitso. Kupangidwa kwa barometer, thermometer, ndi hygrometer kunathandiza asayansi kuyeza magawo osiyanasiyana a mlengalenga molondola. Robert Hooke ndi Robert Boyle ku England adachita zoyeserera kuti amvetsetse kuthamanga kwa mpweya komanso ubale wake ndi nyengo.
Mu 1735, George Hadley adapereka lingaliro la kayendedwe ka mpweya mumlengalenga lotchedwa "Hadley Cell." Chiphunzitsochi chinafotokoza momwe mphepo zamalonda m'madera otentha ndi a subtropics zimayendera, zomwe zinapereka maziko ofunikira a lingaliro la kayendedwe ka mpweya mumlengalenga. M'zaka za m'ma 19, anthu monga Carl-Gustaf Rossby ndi William Ferrel adapanga zitsanzo zovuta kwambiri za kayendedwe ka mpweya mumlengalenga.
Nthawi Yamakono (Zaka za m'ma 20)
Zaka za m'ma 1900 zinali nthawi yamakono ya nyengo ndi kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo ndi njira zowunikira. Kupangidwa kwa baluni ya nyengo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 kunathandiza kuyeza mlengalenga molunjika pamalo okwera kwambiri.
Mu zaka za m'ma 1920, katswiri wa zamaganizo wa ku Norway, Vilhelm Bjerknes, ndi gulu lake, adapanga chiphunzitso cha fronts, chomwe chimasiyanitsa pakati pa mpweya wofunda ndi wozizira komanso momwe zimagwirizanirana kuti zipange nyengo. Izi zinayambitsa lingaliro la frontology, lomwe limagwiritsidwabe ntchito poneneratu za nyengo yamakono.
Kugwiritsa ntchito radar panthawi ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse kunathandiza kuzindikira mvula ndi kumvetsetsa bwino mphepo yamkuntho. Pambuyo pa nkhondo, radar ya nyengo inakhala chida chofunikira kwambiri kwa akatswiri a zanyengo, zomwe zinathandiza kuzindikira mvula yamkuntho ndi machitidwe ena a nyengo msanga.
Kukula kwa Ma Satellite ndi Makompyuta (Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse Mpaka Pano)
Kusintha kwakukulu pa nkhani ya nyengo kunabwera ndi kutulutsidwa kwa satelayiti yoyamba yowonera nyengo, TIROS-1, ndi United States mu 1960. Satelayiti iyi inapereka zithunzi zoyamba za mitambo padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zinathandiza kuti pakhale kuwunika nyengo padziko lonse lapansi nthawi yeniyeni. Kugwiritsa ntchito satelayiti za nyengo kwakula mofulumira, ndipo tsopano satelayiti monga NOAA, GOES, ndi METEOSAT zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuwunika ndi kulosera nyengo.
Kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo wa makompyuta m'zaka za m'ma 20 kunali kofunikira kwambiri. Zitsanzo za nyengo zamanambala, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito malamulo a sayansi ya zakuthambo kuti zidziwitse momwe zinthu zilili mumlengalenga, zinakhala zolondola kwambiri pamene makompyuta anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Dongosolo la Zakutsogolo Padziko Lonse (GFS) ndi zitsanzo za European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ndi zitsanzo za kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta akuluakulu poneneratu za nyengo padziko lonse lapansi.
Mkhalidwe wa Nyengo Wamakono
Masiku ano, maphunziro a nyengo ndi omwe ali patsogolo pa sayansi ndi ukadaulo. Kugwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zamanambala, deta ya satellite, Doppler radar, ndi malo ochitira nyengo odziyimira pawokha zimathandiza kuti pakhale kulosera kwanyengo kolondola komanso koyambirira. Kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kuphunzira za machitidwe a nyengo yoopsa ndizofunikira kwambiri pa maphunziro a nyengo amakono.
Chimodzi mwa mapulogalamu atsopano ndi m'magawo a big data ndi machine learning, zomwe zimathandiza kusanthula deta ya nyengo pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri. Mapulojekiti monga Climate Prediction Center ndi Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) amagwiritsa ntchito deta iyi kumvetsetsa ndikuchepetsa zotsatira za kusintha kwa nyengo.
Kutseka
Mbiri ya zanyengo ndi nkhani ya chitukuko cha sayansi kudzera mu kuyang'ana, kuyesa, ndi ukadaulo. Kuchokera pa zomwe Aristotle adawona mpaka kugwiritsa ntchito ma satellite ndi makompyuta akuluakulu, gawo lililonse latibweretsa pafupi kumvetsetsa bwino za dongosolo lovuta la mlengalenga. Zanyengo zikupitilizabe kusintha ndikusintha kuti zigwirizane ndi zovuta zatsopano, kuphatikizapo kusintha kwa nyengo padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti likhale gawo lofunikira komanso lofunikira mu sayansi yamakono.
