Makhalidwe ndi Mitundu ya Nyengo Yotentha
Pendauluan
Nyengo yotentha ndi mtundu wa nyengo padziko lonse lapansi womwe uli ndi makhalidwe apadera omwe amausiyanitsa ndi nyengo zina. Nyengo imeneyi imapezeka m'madera omwe ali pakati pa equator, pafupifupi 23,5° N ndi 23,5° S. Mayiko omwe ali ndi nyengo yotentha nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kutentha kwakukulu chaka chonse ndipo nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi mvula yambiri. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza makhalidwe a nyengo yotentha, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyengo yotentha, komanso momwe zimakhudzira miyoyo ya anthu komanso chilengedwe.
Makhalidwe a Nyengo Yotentha
1. Kutentha Kwambiri Nthawi Zonse
Chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zazikulu za nyengo yotentha ndi kutentha kosasinthasintha, kutentha kwakukulu chaka chonse. Kutentha kwapakati m'madera otentha kumasiyana ndi 20°C mpaka 30°C. Kusintha kwa kutentha pakati pa chilimwe ndi nyengo yozizira ndi kochepa kwambiri. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kuyandikira kwa chigawo chotentha ku equator, komwe dzuwa limawala pafupifupi chaka chonse ndi mphamvu yofanana.
2. Mvula Yambiri
Nyengo za m'madera otentha zimadziwika ndi mvula yambiri. Mvula ya pachaka m'madera amenewa nthawi zambiri imapitirira 1500 mm. Mvula nthawi zambiri imachitika ngati mvula yamphamvu yomwe imatenga maola angapo, nthawi zambiri kutsatiridwa ndi thambo loyera. Izi zimapangitsa kuti nyengo za m'madera otentha zikhale ndi zomera zambiri komanso zobiriwira.
3. Chinyezi Chambiri
Kupatula kutentha ndi mvula, chinyezi ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri m'madera otentha. Chinyezi m'madera amenewa nthawi zambiri chimakhala chambiri chaka chonse, nthawi zambiri chimapitirira 70%. Chinyezi chambiri chimapangitsa mpweya kukhala wotentha komanso womata, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli.
4. Kuyenda kwa Mlengalenga Mogwira Ntchito
Malo otentha ndi malo omwe mpweya umazungulira, kuphatikizapo mphepo zamkuntho zomwe zimayenda kuchokera kumadera otentha okhala ndi mpweya wochepa kupita kumadera otsika ozungulira equator. Izi zimayambitsanso kupangika kwa mitambo yamvula ndi mphepo zamkuntho, monga mphepo zamkuntho zamvula, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhudza kwambiri nyengo m'derali.
Mitundu ya Nyengo Yotentha
Kutengera ndi momwe mvula imagwera komanso momwe kutentha kumafalikira, nyengo za m'madera otentha zitha kugawidwa m'mitundu ingapo ikuluikulu, monga nyengo za m'nkhalango zamvula, nyengo za m'nkhalango za savanna, ndi nyengo za mvula za m'madera otentha.
1. Nyengo ya Nkhalango Zamvula Zakumalo Otentha (Af)
Nyengo za m'nkhalango zamvula za m'madera otentha, zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti nyengo za m'mphepete mwa nyanja, zimapezeka m'madera ozungulira equator, monga Amazon ku South America, Congo ku Africa, ndi madera ambiri akumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia. Makhalidwe akuluakulu a nyengo yamtunduwu ndi awa:
– Mvula Yambiri Chaka Chonse: Mvula m'derali nthawi zambiri imapitirira 2000 mm pachaka, ndipo imafalikira mofanana chaka chonse. Palibe nyengo yosiyana yachilimwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zomera zambiri komanso zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo nkhalango zamvula zodziwika bwino chifukwa cha zamoyo zosiyanasiyana.
– Kutentha Kwambiri: Kutentha m'derali kumakhala pakati pa 25°C ndi 28°C chaka chonse. Kusintha kwa kutentha tsiku ndi tsiku kumaonekera kwambiri kuposa kusintha kwa nyengo.
– Chinyezi Chambiri: Chinyezi m'nkhalango zamvula za m'madera otentha chimakhala chokwera kwambiri, nthawi zambiri chimafika 80% kapena kuposerapo. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chinyezi komanso kutentha kwabwino nthawi zonse.
2. Nyengo ya Tropical Savanna (Aw)
Nyengo za savanna zotentha, kapena nyengo zouma za tropical, zimapezeka m'madera omwe ali kutali pang'ono ndi equator, monga East Africa, Brazil, ndi India. Makhalidwe akuluakulu a nyengo yamtunduwu ndi awa:
– Nyengo Zosiyana Zouma ndi Zamvula: Derali limakumana ndi nyengo yamvula yambiri kwa miyezi ingapo pachaka, kutsatiridwa ndi nyengo youma kwambiri. Mvula ya pachaka nthawi zambiri imakhala pakati pa 800 mm ndi 1500 mm.
– Zomera za ku Savanna: Zomera za m'derali zimadziwika ndi malo akuluakulu okhala ndi mitengo ingapo kapena magulu a mitengo yobalalika. Zomera m'derali zimakhala ndi njira zapadera zopulumukira nyengo yayitali yachilimwe.
– Kutentha Kwambiri: Ngakhale kuti kuli nyengo youma ndi yamvula, kutentha m'derali kumakhalabe kokwera chaka chonse, ndipo kutentha kwapakati kumayambira 20°C mpaka 30°C.
3. Nyengo ya Mvula Yamkuntho ku Tropical (Am)
Nyengo zamvula za m'madera otentha zimapezeka makamaka ku South ndi Southeast Asia, kuphatikizapo mayiko monga India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, ndi madera ena a China. Makhalidwe akuluakulu a nyengoyi ndi awa:
– Nyengo Zamvula Zamphamvu ndi Zouma: Nyengo imeneyi imadziwika ndi nyengo yamvula yambiri yomwe imayambitsidwa ndi mphepo yamkuntho. Mvula ya kum'mwera chakumadzulo imabweretsa mvula yambiri nthawi yachilimwe, pomwe mvula yakum'mawa kumpoto imabweretsa nyengo youma nthawi yozizira. Mvula ya pachaka imatha kufika 2000 mm kapena kuposerapo, koma imagawidwa mosagwirizana.
– Kutentha Kosiyanasiyana: Ngakhale kuti kumakhala kokwera kwambiri kuposa m'madera otentha kapena ozizira, kusiyana kwa kutentha m'madera otentha ndi kwakukulu kuposa m'nkhalango yamvula kapena m'madera otentha a savanna.
Mmene Nyengo Yotentha Imakhudzira Moyo
Popeza nyengo za m'madera otentha zimadziwika ndi kutentha kwambiri, mvula, ndi chinyezi, zimakhudza kwambiri moyo wa anthu ndi chilengedwe. Zina mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi izi:
1. Ulimi
Nyengo za m'madera otentha zimakhala ndi nthaka yachonde, zomwe zimathandiza kuti mbewu zosiyanasiyana zimere, kuphatikizapo mpunga, chimanga, mafuta a kanjedza, koko, ndi khofi. Komabe, mvula yambiri komanso chinyezi zingayambitsenso mavuto a tizilombo ndi matenda a zomera.
2. Moyo Wachikhalidwe ndi Thanzi
Chinyezi chambiri komanso kutentha kwa chaka chonse kumapangitsa kuti pakhale malo abwino kwambiri oti matenda osiyanasiyana afalikire, monga udzudzu womwe umanyamula malungo ndi malungo. Kuphatikiza apo, chinyezi chambiri chingapangitsenso kuti matenda opumira achuluke.
3. Zamoyo zosiyanasiyana
Malo okhala ndi zachilengedwe za m'madera otentha, makamaka nkhalango zamvula, ndi kwawo kwa mitundu yoposa theka ya zomera ndi zinyama padziko lonse lapansi. Kuchuluka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo zimenezi kumapangitsa kuti malo okhala ndi zachilengedwe za m'madera otentha akhale ofunikira kwambiri pa thanzi la chilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi.
4. Zokopa alendo
Madera otentha nthawi zambiri amakhala malo otchuka oyendera alendo chifukwa cha magombe awo okongola, nkhalango zamvula zachilendo, ndi zomera ndi zinyama zosiyanasiyana. Makampani oyendera alendo ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa zachuma za mayiko ambiri otentha.
Mapeto
Nyengo za m'madera otentha zimakhala ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana apadera, kuphatikizapo kutentha kwambiri chaka chonse, mvula yambiri, ndi chinyezi chambiri. Mitundu ikuluikulu ya nyengo za m'madera otentha ikuphatikizapo nyengo za m'nkhalango za m'madera otentha, nyengo za m'nkhalango za m'madera otentha, ndi nyengo za mvula yamkuntho, iliyonse ili ndi makhalidwe ake komanso kufalikira kwake. Mphamvu ya nyengo za m'madera otentha pa moyo wa anthu ndi chilengedwe ndi yofunika kwambiri, kuphatikizapo mbali za ulimi, thanzi, zamoyo zosiyanasiyana, ndi zokopa alendo. Kumvetsetsa ndi kusunga bwino chilengedwe m'madera otentha ndi vuto lalikulu pakukhalabe ndi moyo mtsogolo.
