Zinthu Zomwe Zimakhudza Kupezeka kwa Chifunga
Chifunga ndi chinthu chachilengedwe chomwe chimapezeka nthawi zambiri m'madera osiyanasiyana, makamaka m'mawa kapena nthawi zina nyengo. Mwachidule, chifunga ndi gulu la madontho ang'onoang'ono amadzi kapena ma crystals a ayezi omwe amapachikidwa pafupi ndi nthaka, zomwe zimachepetsa kuwoneka bwino. Mu nyengo, vuto limatchedwa chifunga pamene kuwoneka kumatsika kufika pa kilomita imodzi. Kukhalapo kwa chifunga kungapangitse mlengalenga wozizira komanso wodabwitsa, komanso kumatha kusokoneza zochitika, makamaka mayendedwe a pamtunda, panyanja, ndi pandege. Ndiye, ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimakhudza kupangika kwa chifunga? Nayi nkhani.
1. Chinyezi Chambiri
Chinyezi ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakupanga chifunga. Chifunga chimachitika pamene mpweya wokhala ndi nthunzi yambiri yamadzi umazizira mpaka kufika pamlingo wokwanira. Chinyezi choyandikira 100% chimapangitsa kuti nthunzi yamadzi ikhale yosavuta kukhala madontho amadzi. Madera omwe ali pafupi ndi magwero a madzi monga nyanja, mitsinje, madambo, kapena madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja amakhala ndi chinyezi chochuluka, zomwe zimawonjezera mwayi wopanga chifunga. Kuphatikiza apo, mvula ikagwa, mpweya nthawi zambiri umakhala chinyezi kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chifunga chikhalepo kuyambira usiku mpaka m'mawa wotsatira.
2. Kutsika kwa Kutentha kufika pa Deme Point
Chifunga chimagwirizana kwambiri ndi kutentha kwa mpweya. Kutentha kukatsika pafupi ndi mame, nthunzi ya madzi mumlengalenga imayamba kuzizira. Kutsika kwa kutentha kumeneku kumachitika usiku chifukwa pamwamba pa Dziko Lapansi pataya kutentha kudzera mu radiation (njira yotulutsira mphamvu ya kutentha mumlengalenga). Ngati kuzizira kuli kokwanira, mpweya pafupi ndi nthaka umazizira, kufika pa mame, ndipo chifunga chimapangika. Chifukwa chake, chifunga nthawi zambiri chimawoneka m'mawa usanache kapena m'mawa pamene kutentha kuli kotsika kwambiri.
3. Njira Yowunikira Usiku (Kuziziritsa kwa Radiation)
Mtundu umodzi wodziwika bwino wa chifunga ndi chifunga cha radiation. Chifungachi chimapangika usiku wopanda mitambo komanso mphepo yoziziritsa. Chifukwa chiyani? Chifukwa thambo lopanda mitambo limalola kutentha kuchokera pamwamba pa Dziko lapansi kutuluka mosavuta kupita mumlengalenga popanda kutsekedwa ndi mitambo. Pamene pamwamba pa Dziko lapansi pakuzizira, mpweya womwe uli pamwamba pake umaziziranso ndipo umadzaza, zomwe zimapangitsa chifunga. Izi zimachitika nthawi zambiri m'malo otsika, m'zigwa, ndi m'malo okhala ndi nthaka yonyowa.
4. Liwiro Lofooka la Mphepo
Mphepo imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri podziwa ngati chifunga chingapangidwe ndi kupitirira. Ngati mphepo ili yamphamvu kwambiri, mpweya umasakanikirana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya wokhuta pafupi ndi pamwamba usakanizike ndi mpweya wouma pamwamba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chifunga chikhale chovuta kapena kutha msanga. Komabe, ngati mphepo ili yofooka kwambiri, mpweya umakhala wosasunthika ndipo nthunzi ya madzi imatha kusonkhana pafupi ndi pamwamba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nthunzi ikhale yolimba. Liwiro labwino la mphepo ya chifunga nthawi zambiri limakhala lopepuka mpaka locheperako, lokwanira kufalitsa nthunzi ya madzi koma losalimba mokwanira kuwononga chigawo chokhuta.
5. Malo Ozungulira (Mawonekedwe a Dziko Lapansi)
Malo okhala ndi chifunga amakhudza kwambiri mapangidwe a chifunga. Zigwa ndi malo otsetsereka ndi "misampha" yachilengedwe ya mpweya wozizira. Usiku, mpweya wozizira komanso wolemera umapita kumalo otsika (katabatic) ndikusonkhana m'zigwa. Zotsatira zake, kutentha m'zigwa kumatsika mofulumira kufika pa mame, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chifunga chikhale chofala. Ichi ndichifukwa chake madera ena amapiri kapena mizinda yozunguliridwa ndi mapiri imatha kukhala ndi chifunga chochulukirapo, makamaka nthawi yachilimwe ndi usiku wopanda mitambo.
6. Kuyandikira kwa Magwero a Madzi ndi Mikhalidwe Yapamwamba
Kupezeka kwa madzi monga nyanja, malo osungiramo madzi, mitsinje ikuluikulu, madambo, kapena nyanja kumawonjezera kuperekedwa kwa nthunzi ya madzi mumlengalenga. Nthunzi yochokera pamwamba pa madzi imawonjezera chinyezi. Kuphatikiza apo, mtundu wa nthaka umakhudzanso: nthaka yonyowa, malo olima othiriridwa, ndi zomera zokhuthala zimatha kuwonjezera nthunzi ya madzi kudzera mu nthunzi. Kumbali ina, malo ouma monga nthaka yopanda zomera nthawi zambiri amatulutsa chinyezi chochepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nthunzi isakhale yofala pokhapokha ngati pali chinthu choziziritsa kwambiri.
7. Mitambo ndi Mikhalidwe ya Kumwamba
Kuchuluka kwa mitambo kumakhudza momwe pamwamba pa Dziko Lapansi pamadzi amataya kutentha mwachangu. Usiku wokhala ndi mitambo, mitambo imagwira ntchito ngati "bulangeti" lomwe limasunga kuwala kwa kutentha kwa Dziko Lapansi, kuchepetsa kuzizira kwa pamwamba ndikuchepetsa mwayi wopanga chifunga cha radiation. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, usiku wopanda mitambo umathandizira kuzizira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chifunga chikhale chosavuta kupanga. Komabe, izi sizikutanthauza kuti chifunga sichingapangidwe masiku okhala ndi mitambo—mitundu ina ya chifunga, monga chifunga cha advection, imathabe kuchitika ngati pali mpweya wonyowa womwe ukuyenda pamwamba pa malo ozizira.
8. Kubwera: Kuyenda kwa Mpweya Wonyowa
Chifunga cha mpweya wofunda komanso wonyowa chimachitika pamene mpweya wofunda komanso wonyowa ukuyenda pamwamba pa malo ozizira. Mpweya wofunda ukadutsa pamalo ozizira—monga mpweya wonyowa wa m'nyanja ukuyenda pamwamba pa nthaka yozizira kapena mpweya wonyowa ukuyenda pamwamba pa madzi ozizira a m'nyanja—mpweyawo umazizira mpaka kufika pa mame, zomwe zimapangitsa chifunga. Mtundu uwu wa chifunga nthawi zambiri umapezeka m'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja kapena m'madzi ena ndipo ukhoza kukhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali kuposa chifunga cha radiation chifukwa umachitika chifukwa cha kuyenda kosalekeza kwa mpweya.
9. Kuipitsidwa kwa Mpweya ndi Tinthu ta Aerosol
Kupatula nthunzi ya madzi ndi kuzizira, nthunzi imakhudzidwanso ndi kupezeka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono mumlengalenga monga fumbi, utsi, mchere wa m'nyanja, ndi zonyansa za m'mafakitale. Tinthuti timeneti timakhala tinthu ta condensation, komwe nthunzi ya madzi imamatira ndikuundana. Tinthuti tikakhala tochuluka, zimakhala zosavuta kuti madontho a madzi apangidwe mosavuta, ndipo nthunzi imatha kukhala yokhuthala kwambiri. Mu nyengo ya kuipitsidwa kwambiri, nthunzi imatha kusakanikirana ndi utsi ndikupanga utsi, womwe ndi woopsa kwambiri pa thanzi chifukwa uli ndi zonyansa. Izi zimachitika kawirikawiri m'mizinda ikuluikulu kapena m'malo opangira mafakitale pamene nyengo ili bwino komanso mpweya woyenda bwino ndi wofooka.
10. Nyengo ndi Maonekedwe a Nyengo Zachigawo
Nyengo zimakhudzanso kuthekera kwa chifunga. M'nyengo youma m'madera ena otentha, usiku umakhala wowala bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuzizira kwamphamvu kwa radiation kuzizire komanso chifunga cha m'mawa chibwere pafupipafupi, makamaka m'malo okwera. M'nyengo yamvula, ngakhale kuti chinyezi chimakhala chambiri, chifunga chimatha kuchepa chifukwa mitambo yowirira imasunga kutentha usiku. Kuphatikiza pa nyengo, nyengo monga kukhalapo kwa kuthamanga kwamphamvu (anticyclones) kumatha kupanga mpweya wokhazikika, mphepo yopepuka, ndi thambo lomveka bwino - kuphatikiza koyenera kwa mapangidwe a chifunga.
11. Kusinthasintha kwa Kutentha
Kusinthasintha kwa kutentha ndi mkhalidwe womwe mpweya womwe uli pamwamba umakhala wotentha kuposa mpweya womwe uli pansi. Izi zimaletsa kuyenda kwa mpweya woyima, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya wozizira komanso wonyowa ukhale pafupi ndi pamwamba. Kusinthasintha nthawi zambiri kumachitika usiku ndi m'mawa kwambiri ndipo zimapangitsa kuti chifunga chikhale chosavuta kupanga komanso chikhalepo kwa nthawi yayitali chifukwa mpweya wokhuta susakanikirana mwachangu ndi mpweya wouma pamalo okwera kwambiri. Kusinthasintha kumathanso kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa kuipitsa mpweya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chifungacho chikhale cholimba kwambiri.
Mapeto
Chifunga chimapangika pamene nthunzi ya madzi mumlengalenga imaundana pafupi ndi pamwamba, njira yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zambiri zogwirizana. Chinyezi chochuluka, kuchepa kwa kutentha kufika pa mame, kuzizira kwa kuwala usiku wopanda kuwala, mphepo yofooka, ndi malo monga zigwa ndi zinthu zazikulu zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa chifunga. Kuphatikiza apo, kuyandikira kwa magwero a madzi, kuyenda kwa mpweya wonyowa (kukwera), mikhalidwe ya thambo, kusintha kwa kutentha, komanso kukhalapo kwa tinthu ta aerosol kapena kuipitsa kumakhudzanso kwambiri makulidwe ndi nthawi ya chifunga. Kumvetsetsa zinthu izi kumatithandiza kuyembekezera zotsatira za chifunga, makamaka pa chitetezo cha mayendedwe ndi thanzi la anthu. Zinthu izi zikachitika pamodzi, sizodabwitsa kuti chifunga chidzawonekera pafupipafupi komanso modzaza m'dera linalake.
