Momwe Chipale Chofewa Chimapangikira ndi Zinthu Zomwe Zimachikhudza
Chipale chofewa ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zosangalatsa komanso zofunika kwambiri pa nyengo ya Dziko Lapansi. Kwa ena, chipale chofewa chimagwirizana ndi mlengalenga wokongola komanso wozizira wa mapiri kapena mayiko omwe ali ndi nyengo ya nyengo zinayi. Komabe, pansi pa kukongola kwake, chipale chofewa chimapangidwa kudzera mu njira zovuta za fizikisi ya mlengalenga zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kutentha ndi chinyezi komanso kuphimba mitambo. Nkhaniyi ikambirana momwe chipale chofewa chimapangikira komanso zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimatsimikiza ngati dera lidzakumana ndi chipale chofewa, mvula, kapena kuphatikiza zonse ziwiri.
Tanthauzo la Chipale Chofewa
Chipale chofewa ndi mvula yogwa ngati makhiristo olimba a ayezi omwe amagwa kuchokera mumlengalenga kupita ku Dziko Lapansi. Mosiyana ndi mvula, yomwe ndi madontho amadzimadzi, chipale chofewa chimapangidwa pamene nthunzi ya madzi mumlengalenga imaundana kukhala makhiristo a ayezi m'mitambo, yomwe kenako imaphatikizana kupanga makhiristo akuluakulu komanso olemera okwanira kugwa pansi.
Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, si kutentha konse kozizira komwe kumabweretsa chipale chofewa chokha. Dera likhoza kuzizira kwambiri koma silingakhale chipale chofewa ngati nthunzi ya madzi ili yochepa. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, madera omwe ali ndi chinyezi chambiri amatha kukhala ndi chipale chofewa chochuluka ngati kutentha kuli bwino.
Njira Yopangira Chipale Chofewa M'mlengalenga
Chipale chofewa nthawi zambiri chimachitika mu mitambo ya stratiform kapena cumuliform m'malo omwe kutentha kumakhala kotsika poyerekeza ndi kuzizira. Magawo akuluakulu ndi awa:
1. Nthunzi ya madzi imakwera ndi kuzizira
Mpweya wonyowa nthawi zonse umakhala ndi nthunzi ya madzi. Mpweya wonyowa ukakwera (monga kutentha pamwamba, kukumana ndi mapiri, kapena kukhala ndi makina otsika mphamvu), umazizira pang'onopang'ono. Kuzizira kumeneku kumachepetsa mphamvu ya mpweya yosunga nthunzi ya madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti isungunuke kapena kusungunuka.
2. Kupanga Konde Yozizira ndi Konde Yozizira
Kuti nthunzi ya madzi isanduke madzi kapena tinthu ta ayezi, nthawi zambiri imafunika "nucleus" mu mawonekedwe a tinthu tating'onoting'ono touluka monga fumbi, mchere wa m'nyanja, phulusa la volcano, kapena zoipitsa. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono timeneti nthawi zambiri timatchedwa kuti ma crystal a ayezi kuti tipange ma crystal a ayezi. Popanda tinthu tating'onoting'ono timeneti, nthunzi ya madzi imapanga ma crystal a ayezi, ngakhale kuti amatha kuchitikabe pansi pa mikhalidwe ina.
3. Kutentha kwa Mitambo Pansi pa 0°C
Chipale chofewa chimapangika pamene kutentha kwa mtambo kumatsika pansi pa 0°C. Komabe, mumlengalenga weniweni, mitambo yambiri imakhala ndi madzi "ozizira kwambiri", omwe ndi madzi amadzimadzi omwe amakhalabe kutentha pansi pa 0°C. Madzi ozizira kwambiri awa akakumana ndi makristalo a ayezi, amaundana ndipo amalimbikitsa kukula kwa makristalo.
4. Kutaya: Nthunzi ya Madzi Imakhala Mwachindunji Ayezi
Chimodzi mwa njira zazikulu zopangira makristalo a chipale chofewa ndi kuyika, kusintha mwachindunji kwa nthunzi ya madzi kukhala ayezi popanda kudutsa mu gawo lamadzimadzi. Mamolekyu a nthunzi ya madzi amalumikizana ndi makristaro ang'onoang'ono a ayezi, zomwe zimawonjezera kukula kwawo. Kukula kwa makristaro kumadalira kwambiri kutentha ndi chinyezi mkati mwa mtambo.
5. Kusonkhana: Makhiristo Amaphatikizana Kuti Akhale Ma snowflakes
Akapangidwa, ma crystals a ayezi amatha kugwerana ndi kumamatirana. Njira imeneyi imatchedwa kusonkhana. Zotsatira zake zimakhala zazikulu, nthawi zambiri zokhala ndi mawonekedwe ovuta. Ma snowflake awa pamapeto pake amagwera pamwamba.
6. Ulendo Wopita Pamwamba: Kodi Chipale Chofewa Chimapulumuka?
Chipale chofewa chikagwa kuchokera mumtambo, chimadutsa mumlengalenga womwe umakhala ndi kutentha kosiyanasiyana. Ngati mpweya womwe uli pansi pa mtambowo uli wotentha mokwanira, chipale chofewa chingasungunuke ndi kusanduka mvula isanafike pansi. Ngati mpweya womwe uli pafupi ndi pamwamba uli pamwamba pa 0°C pang'ono, chipale chofewa chingafikebe pansi koma chisungunuke mwachangu.
Mawonekedwe ndi Kapangidwe ka Chipale Chofewa
Ma snowflakes amabwera m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana: ena amakhala ngati nyenyezi, ngati singano, ngati mbale, komanso osakhazikika. Kusiyana kumeneku kumatsimikiziridwa ndi zinthu zazing'ono zomwe zili mumtambo, makamaka kutentha ndi chinyezi. Pa kutentha kwina, makhiristo amakula ngati mbale, pomwe ena, amapanga singano kapena mizati mosavuta. Ichi ndichifukwa chake mvula yamkuntho iliyonse imatha kupanga chipale chofewa chosiyana—ena ndi ofewa komanso ouma, ena ndi onyowa komanso olemera.
Zinthu Zomwe Zimakhudza Kupanga kwa Chipale Chofewa
Kuti chipale chofewa chipangike ndikufikira pamwamba, zinthu zotsatirazi zimagwira ntchito yayikulu:
1. Kutentha kwa Mpweya (Mbiri Yotentha Yoyima)
Chofunika kwambiri ndi kutentha, osati pamwamba pokha, komanso mumlengalenga wonse kuyambira mitambo mpaka pansi.
– Ngati mpweya wonse uli pansi pa 0°C, mvula ikhoza kugwa ngati chipale chofewa.
– Ngati pali kutentha pakati pa mlengalenga, chipale chofewa chingasungunuke kukhala mvula.
– Ngati chipale chofewa chisungunuka kenako n’kubwerera ku malo ozizira pafupi ndi pamwamba, chingapange matalala ang’onoang’ono (mvula yamkuntho) kapena mvula yozizira kwambiri, kutengera makulidwe a malo ozizirawo.
2. Chinyezi ndi Nthunzi ya Madzi
Chipale chofewa chimafuna nthunzi ya madzi ngati chinthu chopangira. Malo ozizira kwambiri koma ouma nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi chipale chofewa chomwe sichimachitika kawirikawiri. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, madera omwe ali pafupi ndi nyanja kapena nyanja nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi nthunzi yambiri ya madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chipale chofewa chikhale chochuluka, monga chipale chofewa chomwe chimachitika m'nyanja mozungulira Nyanja Zazikulu ku North America.
3. Mitundu ndi Mphamvu za Mitambo
Mitambo yokhuthala yokhala ndi mafunde amphamvu ingayambitse mvula. Mu machitidwe a mphepo yamkuntho, mafunde amathandiza kuziziritsa mpweya ndikusunga madzi oundana, zomwe zimathandiza kuti makhiristo a chipale chofewa akule mofulumira komanso mochuluka.
4. Kupanikizika kwa Mpweya ndi Machitidwe a Nyengo
Chipale chofewa nthawi zambiri chimapezeka m'malo opanikizika pang'ono omwe amanyamula mpweya wonyowa wokwera. Malo ozizira ndi malo otentha angayambitsenso mvula. Mpweya wofunda ukakankhidwira mmwamba pamwamba pa mpweya wozizira (wodzaza), mvula imatha kuchitika m'mitambo yayikulu, ndipo ngati malo ozizirawo ndi okhuthala mokwanira, chipale chofewa chingayambitse mvula.
5. Kutalika ndi Kukongola kwa Malo
Malo akakhala okwera, kutentha kumakhala kotsika nthawi zambiri. Chifukwa chake, madera amapiri amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha chipale chofewa kuposa madera otsika omwe ali pamtunda womwewo. Malo omwe ali pamwamba pa nthaka amakakamizanso mpweya kukwera (kukwera kwa mitambo), kukulitsa mapangidwe a mitambo ndi mvula. Ichi ndichifukwa chake mapiri nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito ngati "mafakitale achilengedwe a chipale chofewa."
6. Kutentha kwa Pansi
Ngakhale chipale chofewa chingagwe, sichimasonkhana nthawi yomweyo. Ngati nthaka ikadali yotentha, chipale chofewa chimasungunuka chikakhudza pamwamba. Chipale chofewa chimasonkhana nthawi zambiri pamene kutentha kwa pamwamba kumakhala kozungulira kapena pansi pa 0°C, kapena pamene chipale chofewa chimakhala cholemera kwambiri moti chimaposa njira yosungunula.
7. Mphepo ndi Chisokonezo
Mphepo imakhudza kufalikira kwa chipale chofewa pamene chikugwa komanso chikadzasonkhana pansi. Mphepo yamphamvu ingayambitse chipale chofewa chomwe chimawomba ndi kusonkhana kosagwirizana. Kuphatikiza apo, mphepo imanyamula mpweya wofunda kapena wozizira, zomwe zingasinthe mtundu wa mvula.
8. Tinthu ta Aerosol ndi Kuipitsidwa kwa Mpweya
Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe tili mumlengalenga titha kugwira ntchito ngati ma nuclei oundana. Pazifukwa zina, kuchuluka kwa ma aerosol kumatha kukhudza momwe mitambo imapangira ma crystals a ayezi. Komabe, zotsatira zake zimakhala zovuta: ma aerosol amatha kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa ma nuclei, koma amathanso kusintha kapangidwe ka mitambo, kotero momwe amakhudzira mapangidwe a chipale chofewa zimasiyana malinga ndi malo.
Kutseka
Chipale chofewa chimapangidwa kudzera mu kuyanjana kwa nthunzi ya madzi, kutentha kozizira, ma nuclei oundana, ndi mitambo ndi mphamvu za mlengalenga. Njirayi imayamba ndi kukwera kwa mpweya wonyowa, kupangika kwa makristalo a ayezi m'mitambo pa kutentha kochepera 0°C, kukula kwa makristalo kudzera mu kuyika, ndi kuphatikizana kwa makristalo kukhala ma snowflake omwe amagwera pamwamba. Kaya ma snowflake amakhalabe chipale chofewa kapena amasanduka mvula zimatengera kwambiri kutentha kuchokera ku mtambo kupita pamwamba, komanso zinthu zina monga chinyezi, malo, ndi nyengo ya m'madera.
Kumvetsetsa momwe chipale chofewa chimapangikira sikuti kokha ndikosangalatsa mwasayansi komanso ndikofunikira kwambiri pa kuneneratu nyengo, kasamalidwe ka madzi, chitetezo cha mayendedwe, ndi maphunziro okhudza kusintha kwa nyengo. Pomvetsetsa zinthu zomwe zimakhudza chipale chofewa, titha kukonzekera bwino zotsatira zake ndikuyamikira zovuta za njira zachilengedwe zomwe zimapanga ma white flakes awa.
