Zinthu Zomwe Zimakhudza Kapangidwe ka Makina a Alloys
Alloy ndi chisakanizo cha zinthu ziwiri kapena zingapo za mankhwala, chimodzi mwa izo ndi chitsulo. Ma alloy amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mayendedwe, zomangamanga, zamagetsi, ndi zina zambiri, chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo zapamwamba zamakina poyerekeza ndi zitsulo zoyera. Makhalidwe a makina awa, monga mphamvu, kuuma, kulimba, ndi kusinthasintha, amatsimikizira kwambiri magwiridwe antchito ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwa ma alloy. Nkhaniyi ikambirana zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimakhudza mphamvu zamakina za ma alloy, kuphatikizapo kapangidwe ka mankhwala, kapangidwe kake kakang'ono, njira zopangira, ndi njira zolimbikitsira.
1. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala
Kapangidwe ka mankhwala ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimatsimikizira mawonekedwe a makina a alloy. Ma alloy achitsulo amatha kukhala ndi zinthu ziwiri kapena zingapo, monga ma alloy a aluminiyamu osakanikirana ndi silicon kapena magnesium, kapena ma alloy achitsulo okhala ndi kaboni, chromium, kapena vanadium. Kusintha pang'ono kwa kapangidwe ka mankhwala kumatha kukhudza kwambiri mawonekedwe a makina a alloy.
Zitsanzo za Aluminiyamu Alloys
Ma aluminiyamu nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zinthu zina monga mkuwa, magnesium, manganese, silicon, ndi zinc kuti awonjezere mphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, aluminiyamu-7075 yophatikizidwa ndi zinc (mpaka 6.1% zinc mu kulemera kwake) imakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri zokoka ndipo nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito mumakampani opanga ndege.
Chitsanzo cha Chitsulo
Chitsulo, chomwe ndi aloyi yachitsulo ndi kaboni, chingakhale ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana zamakaniko kutengera kuchuluka kwa kaboni komwe kali ndi zina monga chromium, nickel, ndi molybdenum. Chromium imawonjezera kuuma ndi kukana dzimbiri, pomwe nickel imawonjezera kulimba kwa aloyi yachitsulo.
2. Kapangidwe kake kakang'ono
Kapangidwe kake kakang'ono ka alloy kamakhudzanso kwambiri mawonekedwe ake a makina. Kapangidwe kake kakang'ono ka alloy kamaphatikizapo kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, magawo, ndi ma precipitates omwe ali mu alloy.
Kukula kwa Tirigu
Kukula kwa tirigu kumakhudza kwambiri mphamvu ndi kulimba kwa chinthu. Kawirikawiri, kukula kwa tirigu wa alloy kumakhala kochepa, mphamvu yake imakhala yayikulu malinga ndi ubale wa Hall-Petch. Mwachitsanzo, alloys okhala ndi tirigu wochepa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mphamvu zokoka komanso zokolola zambiri kuposa alloys okhala ndi tirigu wokulirapo.
Magawo ndi Mvula
Kuwonjezera pa kukula kwa tirigu, mtundu ndi kufalikira kwa magawo ndi ma precipitate mu alloy zimathandizanso kwambiri. Zitsulo zina zimapanga magawo osakhalitsa akazizira, zomwe zimatha kulimbitsa alloy. Mwachitsanzo, mu chitsulo cha kaboni, martensite ndi gawo lolimba kwambiri lopangidwa kuchokera ku austenite ikazizira mwachangu.
3. Proses Manufaktur
Njira yopangira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga alloy imakhudzanso kwambiri mawonekedwe ake a makina. Zina mwa njira zazikulu zopangira zomwe zimakhudza mawonekedwe a makina a alloy ndi monga kutentha, kuzizira, kutentha, ndi kuponyera.
Kugwira Ntchito Kwambiri
Kugwiritsa ntchito kutentha kumaphatikizapo kutentha kwambiri kenako n’kuchipangitsa kuti chisinthe. Njira imeneyi ingathandize kukonza makina a chitsulocho mwa kusintha kapangidwe kake. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito kutentha kungachepetse kukula kwa tinthu tating’onoting’ono, kusintha mawonekedwe a elasticity, komanso kuwonjezera mphamvu yokoka.
Kugwira Ntchito Kozizira
Kumbali ina, kugwira ntchito mozizira kumaphatikizapo kuwononga chinthu pa kutentha komwe kuli pansi pa malo ake obwezeretsanso. Kugwira ntchito mozizira kumatha kuwonjezera mphamvu ndi kuuma kwa chinthucho kudzera mu kuuma kwake, komanso kungachepetse kulimba kwake ndi kuthekera kwake kosintha mawonekedwe ake kukhala pulasitiki.
Kutentha Chithandizo
Mankhwala otenthetsera monga kuuma, kutenthetsa, ndi kuyika zinthu zina m'madzi amatha kukhudza kwambiri mphamvu za makina a alloys. Mwachitsanzo, kutenthetsanso kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuchepetsa kuuma koyambirira pamene kukulitsa kulimba.
4. Njira Yolimbikitsira
Pali njira zingapo zolimbikitsira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza mphamvu za makina a alloys, kuphatikizapo kulimbitsa yankho lolimba, kulimbitsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, kulimbitsa kupsinjika, ndi kulimbitsa tirigu.
Kulimbitsa Mayankho Olimba
Kulimbitsa mphamvu ya yankho lolimba kumachitika pamene maatomu a chinthu chophatikizana asungunuka mu lattice ya kristalo ya chitsulo choyambira, zomwe zimasokoneza kusintha kwa kristalo. Mwachitsanzo, mu alloy ya aluminiyamu-cuprum, maatomu a cuprum amasokoneza dongosolo la lattice ya aluminiyamu ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yake.
Kulimbitsa Tinthu
Kulimbitsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kumaphatikizapo kufalikira kwa tinthu tolimba kapena gawo lachiwiri mkati mwa matrix yachitsulo. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono timeneti timagwira ntchito ngati zotchinga zopanda mphamvu, zomwe zimawonjezera mphamvu ya makina achitsulo. Mwachitsanzo, mu chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, tinthu ta chromium carbide (Cr23C6) ndi ma oxide ena achitsulo amatha kuwonjezera mphamvu yokoka komanso kukana kuwonongeka.
Kulimbitsa Kulimba
Kulimbitsa mphamvu ya maukonde kumachitika mwa kupanga kusokonekera kwakukulu panthawi ya kusintha kwa pulasitiki ndi ntchito yozizira. Pamene chitsulocho chikusinthika, kusokonekera kumawonjezeka ndi kulumikizidwa, motero kumawonjezera mphamvu ya alloy.
Kulimbitsa Tirigu
Kulimbitsa tirigu kumachokera ku ubale wa Hall-Petch, womwe umanena kuti mphamvu ya alloy yotulutsa zinthu imafanana kwambiri ndi muzu wapakati wa kukula kwake kwa tirigu. Kukula kwa tirigu kukakhala kochepa, mphamvu yake imakhala yayikulu.
Mapeto
Kapangidwe ka makina a alloy kamakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kapangidwe ka mankhwala, kapangidwe kake kakang'ono, njira zopangira, ndi njira zina zolimbikitsira. Kumvetsetsa ndi kuwongolera zinthuzi kumalola kupanga zipangizo zatsopano zokhala ndi mawonekedwe a makina opangidwira ntchito zinazake. Makampani ayenera kuganizira zonsezi kuti agwiritse ntchito mokwanira mphamvu ya alloy m'magwiritsidwe osiyanasiyana aukadaulo wapamwamba. Ndi chidziwitso choyenera, kupanga alloy kungapitirize kuyendetsa zatsopano ndi magwiridwe antchito m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana.
