Momwe Zitsulo Zopanda Utsi Zimapangidwira
Zitsulo zopanda chitsulo, kapena zitsulo zopanda chitsulo, ndi zitsulo zomwe zilibe chitsulo ndipo sizili ndi maginito. Zitsanzo zodziwika bwino za zitsulo zopanda chitsulo ndi aluminiyamu, mkuwa, tin, nickel, titaniyamu, ndi zina monga bronze ndi brass. Zitsulo zopanda chitsulo zili ndi makhalidwe apamwamba omwe amawapangitsa kukhala ofunikira pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana zauinjiniya ndi zamafakitale, kuphatikizapo kukana dzimbiri, kuyendetsa magetsi, ndi mphamvu pamene zili zopepuka. Nkhaniyi iwunikanso njira yopangira zitsulo zopanda chitsulo, kuyambira kuchotsa miyala mpaka kukonza komaliza komwe kumapanga chinthu chomalizidwa.
Kuchotsa ndi Kuyeretsa Matope
Njira yopangira zitsulo zopanda chitsulo imayamba ndi kuchotsa miyala kuchokera ku chilengedwe. Miyala ndi mchere womwe uli ndi zitsulo monga mankhwala kapena zosakaniza ndi zinthu zina. Mtundu wa miyala yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito umadalira chitsulo chomwe chikuchotsedwa. Mwachitsanzo, bauxite imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga aluminiyamu, pomwe bornite ndi chalcopyrite zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mkuwa.
Njira yotulutsira miyala nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi magawo angapo: migodi, kunyamula, ndi kukonza miyala.
1. Kukumba: Matope amakumbidwa kuchokera pamwamba kapena pansi pa nthaka pogwiritsa ntchito njira zomangira m'mabowo otseguka kapena pansi pa nthaka. Njira yokumba imasankhidwa kutengera malo ndi mtundu wa miyalayo.
2. Mayendedwe: Pambuyo pokumba, miyala imasamutsidwa kupita ku fakitale yokonzera pogwiritsa ntchito magalimoto, sitima, kapena njira zina zoyendera. Pa nthawiyi, miyala nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi miyala ina yosakanikirana yomwe iyenera kulekanitsidwa.
3. Kukonza Matanthwe: Gawo loyamba la kukonza matanthwe ndi kuphwanya, komwe matanthwe akuluakulu amasweka m'zidutswa zazing'ono. Pambuyo powaphwanya, njira yowunikira imachitika kuti chitsulocho chilekanitse ndi miyala yonse. Njira zodziwika bwino zimaphatikizapo kuyandama kwa thovu, mphamvu yokoka, mphamvu ya maginito, ndi mphamvu yamagetsi.
Kuchepetsa ndi Kusungunula
Mchere ukangosungunuka, gawo lotsatira ndikusintha mchere wokhala ndi chitsulo kukhala chitsulo choyera kudzera mu kuchepetsa ndi kusungunula. Njirayi imasiyana pa chitsulo chilichonse, koma mfundo zoyambira ndizofanana.
1. Kuchepetsa: Njira yochepetsera imachotsa mpweya kuchokera ku mankhwala a zitsulo zosungunuka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chitsulocho chikhale choyera. Mwachitsanzo, bauxite oxide imachepetsedwa kukhala aluminiyamu pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya mafakitale yotchedwa Hall-Héroult, momwe magetsi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulekanitsa aluminiyamu ndi aluminiyamu yosungunuka.
2. Kusungunula: Kusungunula kumaphatikizapo kutentha miyala kapena chitsulo mpaka kufika pamene chimasungunuka kuti chilekanitse chitsulocho ndi zinthu zotsalira kapena "slag." Pankhani ya mkuwa, njira yosungunula nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi magawo angapo, kuphatikizapo kusungunula, kuyeretsa, ndi kuponyera kuti apange mkuwa weniweni.
Kukonzanso Kowonjezereka
Pambuyo pochepetsa ndi kusungunula, chitsulo chomwe chimachokeracho chingakhalebe ndi zinyalala zochepa. Chifukwa chake, njira zina zoyeretsera zimafunika kuti pakhale chiyero chomwe chikufunidwa.
1. Kuyeretsa kwa Electrolytic: Njira imodzi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi kuyeretsa kwa electrolytic, komwe chitsulo chosungunuka chimayikidwa mu yankho la electrolyte, ndipo magetsi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusuntha ma ayoni achitsulo kuchokera ku anode (chitsulo chosayera) kupita ku cathode (chitsulo choyera). Njira iyi ndi yothandiza kwambiri pakuyeretsa zitsulo monga mkuwa ndi aluminiyamu.
2. Kusungunula ndi Kusungunula: Njira iyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zitsulo zomwe zimakhala ndi kutentha kosiyana ndi zinyalala zawo. Zitsanzo za zitsulo zomwe zimapangidwa motere ndi monga zinc ndi lead.
Kupanga ndi Kupanga
Chitsulocho chikafika pa chiyero chomwe chikufunika, chimatha kupangidwa m'mawonekedwe ndi kukula kosiyanasiyana ngati pakufunika. Njira imeneyi imatchedwa kuponya.
1. Kuponya: Chitsulo chosungunuka chimathiridwa mu chikombole kuti chipange chinthu chomaliza. Pali njira zosiyanasiyana zoponyera, kuphatikizapo kuponya mchenga, kuponya mwala, ndi kuponya ndalama. Njira iliyonse ili ndi ubwino wake komanso ntchito zake.
2. Kupanga kapena Kuzungulira: Pambuyo poumba, chitsulo nthawi zambiri chimakonzedwanso monga kuzunguliza, komwe chitsulocho chimatenthedwa ndikukulungidwa kukhala mapepala, ndodo, kapena mawonekedwe ena. Njira zina zimaphatikizapo kutulutsa, komwe chitsulocho chimakakamizika kudzera mu ma dies kuti chipange mawonekedwe omwe mukufuna, ndi kupangira, komwe kumaphatikizapo kupanga chitsulocho pochikanikiza pansi pa kutentha kwakukulu ndi kupanikizika.
Kukonza Komaliza ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito
Gawo lomaliza pakupanga zitsulo zopanda chitsulo ndi kukonza komaliza, komwe kumaphatikizapo njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira, kuwotcherera, ndi kumaliza pamwamba kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira zomaliza za chinthucho.
1. Kulumikiza ndi Kulumikiza: Zitsulo zopanda chitsulo zitha kulumikizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zapadera zolumikizira, monga MIG (Metal Inert Gas) kapena TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas), zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi zitsulo zopanda chitsulo.
2. Kumaliza Pamwamba: Malo achitsulo amatha kupatsidwa chithandizo chapadera kuti akonze zinthu monga kukana dzimbiri, mawonekedwe, komanso kulimba. Njira zomaliza pamwamba zimaphatikizapo anodizing (ya aluminiyamu), electroplating, ndi polishing.
Mapeto
Kupanga zitsulo zopanda chitsulo ndi njira yovuta yomwe imatenga magawo angapo, kuyambira kuchotsa miyala mpaka kukonza komaliza. Gawo lililonse mu njirayi, kuyambira kukumba mpaka kumaliza, lapangidwa kuti litsimikizire kuti zitsulozo zafika pa chiyero ndi zofunikira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kufunika kwa zitsulo zopanda chitsulo m'makampani amakono sikunganyalanyazidwe, chifukwa zimathandiza kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo m'magawo monga zamagetsi, zomangamanga, magalimoto, ndi ndege. Kumvetsetsa njira zopangira izi kumatithandiza kumvetsetsa bwino ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya zitsulo zopanda chitsulo m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku.
