Ukadaulo wa Injini Yopangira Mafuta
Ukadaulo wa injini yopangira mafuta ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe zasintha kwambiri m'dziko lamakono la magalimoto. Dongosololi limalowa m'malo mwa carburetor, yomwe kwa zaka zambiri inali muyezo wosakaniza mpweya ndi mafuta mu injini za petulo, ndipo ndi msana wa magwiridwe antchito mu injini za dizilo. Kupangira mafuta kumathandiza kutumiza mafuta molondola, kuyaka kwathunthu, kuchepetsa mpweya woipa, komanso kugwira ntchito bwino kwa injini m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Pamene malamulo okhudza mpweya woipa ndi zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu moyenera zikuchulukirachulukira, ukadaulo wopangira mafuta ukupitirirabe kusintha, m'magalimoto, m'magalimoto apaulendo, ndi m'magalimoto amalonda.
Kumvetsetsa ndi Mfundo Zogwirira Ntchito za Kuika Mafuta
Mwachidule, kulowetsa mafuta ndi njira yolowetsa mafuta mu chipinda choyaka moto kapena manifold a intake mu kuchuluka kolondola, panthawi yoyenera, komanso ndi njira yodziwira bwino. Mosiyana ndi ma carburetor, omwe amadalira vacuum ndi venturi mechanism, kulowetsa mafuta kumagwira ntchito ndi kupanikizika kolondola komanso kulamulira. Dongosolo lolowetsa mafuta nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi pampu yamafuta, fyuluta, njanji yamafuta, ma injector, masensa, ndi chipangizo chowongolera zamagetsi (ECU/ECM) chomwe chimawerengera zofunikira zamafuta kutengera momwe injini ilili.
Mu injini zamafuta zamakono, mafuta amasinthidwa ndi ma injectors kukhala utsi wochepa womwe umasakanikirana mosavuta ndi mpweya. Chiŵerengero cha mpweya ndi mafuta chimasungidwa pafupi ndi mtengo woyenera momwe zingathere kuti zigwire bwino ntchito komanso mpweya woipa. Pakadali pano, mu injini zamafuta a dizilo, mafuta amalowetsedwa mwachindunji mu chipinda choyaka moto mpweya ukapanikizika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya uziyaka.
Kusintha kuchokera ku Carburetor kupita ku Injection yamagetsi
Ma carburetor amapereka ubwino wosavuta komanso mtengo wake, koma kulondola kwawo kumakhala kochepa, makamaka pamene kutentha kumasinthasintha, kutalika kwa mtunda kumasinthasintha, kapena katundu wa injini amasinthasintha mofulumira. Pamene malamulo oletsa kutulutsa mpweya akuchulukirachulukira, opanga magalimoto amafunikira njira yowongolera bwino kusakaniza mafuta. Kulowetsa mafuta m'magetsi (EFI) kunakhala yankho, chifukwa kumatha kusintha mafuta kutengera momwe sensor imagwirira ntchito nthawi yeniyeni.
Kukula kwa EFI kumagwirizananso kwambiri ndi kupita patsogolo kwa masensa ndi makompyuta. Sensa ya mpweya wotuluka (O2), sensa ya mpweya (MAF) kapena manifold pressure (MAP), sensa ya throttle position (TPS), sensa ya kutentha kwa injini (ECT), ndi sensa ya liwiro la injini (CKP) zimathandiza ECU kudziwa nthawi yotsegulira injector (mpweya wozungulira). Ndi closed-loop control, ECU imatha kusintha chisakanizocho kuti chigwire bwino ntchito ya catalyst, potero kuchepetsa mpweya wa HC, CO, ndi NOx.
Mitundu ya Machitidwe Opangira Injection mu Injini za Petroli
Mu injini za petulo, pali zinthu zingapo zazikulu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri:
1. Jakisoni wa Point imodzi (Jakisoni wa Thupi la Throttle/TBI)
Ma injectors amapezeka mu throttle body, akupopera mafuta asanalowe mu intake manifold. Dongosololi likuyimira kusintha kuchokera ku carburetors kupita ku intake fuel, chifukwa lingaliroli likufanana ndi kusakaniza pakati. Ndi lotsika mtengo, koma kugawa kwa chisakanizocho ku silinda iliyonse sikolondola monga momwe zilili ndi multi-point system.
2. Kuika Ma Point Ambiri (MPI/Port Injection)
Silinda iliyonse ili ndi jekeseni yake yomwe imathira mafuta mu doko lolowera pafupi ndi valavu yolowera. Ubwino wake ndi monga kugawa bwino, kuyankha bwino kwa throttle, komanso kuwongolera molondola. MPI yakhala muyezo wotchuka pamagalimoto ambiri kwa zaka zambiri.
3. Kuika Petroli Mwachindunji (GDI)
Ma injector amaikidwa mwachindunji mu chipinda choyaka moto ndipo amagwira ntchito molimbika kwambiri kuposa MPI. GDI imalola njira zoyaka moto zapamwamba kwambiri, monga zosakaniza zopanda mafuta pansi pa mikhalidwe ina ndi kuziziritsa kwamkati kudzera mu nthunzi ya mafuta mu silinda. Zotsatira zake ndi kuwonjezeka kwa magwiridwe antchito komanso mphamvu yotulutsa mphamvu zambiri. Komabe, GDI nthawi zambiri imakhala yovuta kwambiri, imafuna pampu yamphamvu kwambiri, ndipo imabweretsa zovuta monga kuthekera koyika ma valve olowera chifukwa chosowa mafuta otsukira.
Ukadaulo Wopangira Injection mu Injini za Dizilo: Sitima Yapamtunda ndi Zina
Mainjini a dizilo amadziwika kuti amafuna mphamvu zambiri zobayira kuti awonetsetse kuti atomization ndi yabwino kwambiri. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zatsopano kwambiri ndi Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI). Mu dongosololi, pampu yamphamvu imadzaza njanji yodziwika bwino yomwe imagwira ntchito ngati chosungira, ndikusunga mphamvu yokhazikika. Kenako ECU imalamulira ma injectors kuti afafaze mafuta molondola komanso nthawi yake.
Ubwino wa njanji wamba ndi monga:
- Kupanikizika kwakukulu kwa jekeseni kotero kuti utsi wa mafuta ukhale wabwino kwambiri ndipo kuyaka kukhale kothandiza kwambiri.
- Kuika jakisoni wambiri (jakisoni woyeserera, jakisoni waukulu, jakisoni wotsatira) zomwe zimapangitsa kuyaka kukhala kosalala, kuchepetsa phokoso la "kugunda kwa dizilo", komanso kumathandiza kuwongolera mpweya woipa.
- Yankho labwino la injini pa rpm ndi katundu wosiyanasiyana.
Ukadaulo wamakono wa dizilo nthawi zambiri umaphatikizidwa ndi ma turbocharger, ma intercooler, Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR), Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF), ndi Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) kuti akwaniritse miyezo yotulutsa mpweya.
Zigawo Zofunika mu Dongosolo Lopangira Injection
Kuti njira yojambulira igwire bwino ntchito, zigawo zingapo zofunika ziyenera kugwira ntchito bwino:
– Pampu yamafuta: Mu petulo nthawi zambiri imakhala mu thanki pa mphamvu inayake; mu GDI ndi dizilo pali pampu yowonjezera yamphamvu kwambiri.
– Injector: Valavu ya solenoid kapena piezoelectric yomwe imatsegula ndi kutseka mwachangu kwambiri. Kapangidwe ka nozzle kamatsimikizira kapangidwe ka kupopera.
– Sitima yamafuta ndi chowongolera kuthamanga kwa mpweya: Chimasunga mpweya ndi kuthamanga kwa mpweya mokhazikika.
- Zosensa za injini: Zimagwira ntchito ngati "zomvera" za ECU kuti zidziwe zomwe zimafunika pobayira.
– ECU/ECM: Ubongo wa dongosolo lomwe limayendetsa mapu ojambulira (mapu a mafuta), kukonza kutentha, kukonza mtunda, ndi njira yotulutsira mpweya.
Ubwino wa Injini Zopangira Injection Poyerekeza ndi Machitidwe Achizolowezi
Ubwino waukulu wa ukadaulo wopangira mafuta ndi awa:
1. Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mafuta kumawonjezeka chifukwa chosakanizacho chikugwirizana bwino ndi zofunikira.
2. Kugwira ntchito bwino nthawi zonse pa nyengo zosiyanasiyana komanso pamalo okwera.
3. Kuchepetsa mpweya woipa chifukwa cha kuyaka bwino kwambiri komanso kulamulira kosavuta kwa zinthu zoyambitsa moto.
4. Kuyamba kosavuta makamaka kukakhala kozizira, chifukwa ECU imatha kuwonjezera kusakaniza mwanjira yoyezera.
5. Yankho labwino la injini chifukwa mafuta amatha kusinthidwa mwachangu dalaivala akamaponda pedal ya gasi.
Mavuto ndi Kusamalira Makina Opangira Injection
Ngakhale ubwino wake, njira yojambulira imakhalanso ndi zovuta: kukwera mtengo kwa zigawo, kukhudzidwa ndi mtundu wa mafuta, komanso kufunikira kozindikira pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo. Ma injector amatha kutsekeka ndi ma depositi, pampu imatha kufooka, kapena masensa amatha kupereka zizindikiro zabodza, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mafuta asasakanizidwe bwino. Zizindikiro zodziwika bwino zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta molakwika, kugwedezeka kwa injini, kuvutika kuyambitsa, kapena kuchepa kwa mphamvu.
Kukonza komwe kumalimbikitsidwa kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta abwino, kusintha zosefera panthawi yake, kuyeretsa majekeseni ngati pakufunika kutero, ndi kuwunika magetsi ndi masensa. Pa injini zamakono za GDI ndi dizilo, kusankha mafuta ndi nthawi yogwirira ntchito ndikofunikiranso chifukwa zimakhudza kapangidwe ka mafuta ndi kutalika kwa nthawi ya zinthu.
Tsogolo la Ukadaulo Wopangira Mafuta
Ngakhale kuti magalimoto amagetsi akukula, injini zoyatsira moto mkati mwa galimoto zipitiliza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali, makamaka m'magalimoto amalonda, madera omwe ali ndi magetsi ochepa, komanso ntchito zosakanikirana. Ukadaulo wopangira jekeseni upitiliza kukonzedwa kudzera mu kupsinjika kwakukulu, kuwongolera kolondola, komanso kuphatikiza ndi makina oyang'anira injini pogwiritsa ntchito luntha lochita kupanga komanso masensa olondola. Pa petulo, chitukuko chimayang'ana kwambiri pakugwira bwino ntchito kwa GDI, kuchepetsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, komanso kuphatikiza kwa jekeseni wawiri (MPI + GDI). Pa dizilo, kusintha kwa njira zoyatsira moto wamba ndi njira zoyatsira moto zoyera kudzapitilirabe kulimbikitsidwa kuti kuchepetse NOx ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono.
Pomaliza, ukadaulo wa injini yopangira mafuta ndiye chinsinsi chopezera magalimoto osunga mafuta, amphamvu, komanso ochezeka ndi chilengedwe. Ndi kuwongolera bwino momwe mafuta amaperekedwera, kupangira mafuta kumatsegula mwayi wopanga zatsopano zomwe sizingatheke ndi makina achikhalidwe. Kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, kumvetsetsa mfundo zoyambira zopangira mafuta kumathandizanso pakukonza ndi kusankha mafuta moyenera kuti zitsimikizire kuti galimoto ikugwira ntchito bwino komanso kuti ikhale ndi moyo wautali.
