Zosankha za Makina Opompa Pakuthirira
Kuthirira kodalirika ndikofunikira kwambiri pa ulimi wopambana, makamaka m'madera omwe mvula imagwa mosagwirizana kapena nyengo yayitali youma. Kupatula pa gwero la madzi, kusankha pampu yoyenera ndikofunikira kwambiri pakuthirira kopambana. Pampu yoyenera imapereka madzi okwanira, mphamvu yokwanira, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta moyenera, pomwe imachepetsa kukonza. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kusankha pampu yolakwika kungapangitse kuti ndalama zogwirira ntchito ziwonjezeke, kuletsa madzi kufika m'mphepete mwa minda, kapena kuyambitsa kulephera kwa pampu msanga. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza njira zothirira pampu, mitundu yake, ndi momwe mungasinthire kuti zigwirizane ndi zosowa za nthaka yanu ndi madzi.
Dziwani zofunikira pa ulimi wothirira kaye
Alimi kapena oyang'anira malo asanagule pampu, ayenera kumvetsetsa zinthu zitatu zazikulu: kutulutsa madzi (kuchuluka kwa madzi), mutu (kutalika/kupanikizika), ndi mtunda wogawa.
– Kuchuluka kwa madzi (Q) nthawi zambiri kumaonekera m'malita pa sekondi (L/sekondi) kapena ma cubic metres pa ola (m³/hr). Malo okulirapo komanso malo othirira ambiri omwe amathiriridwa nthawi imodzi, kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amathiriridwa kumafunika.
– Mutu (H) ndi mphamvu yonse yomwe pampu iyenera kugonjetsa, yomwe imaphatikizapo kusiyana kwa kutalika (monga kuchokera kumtsinje kupita kumtunda) komanso kutayika kwa mphamvu chifukwa cha kukangana kwa mapaipi, kupindika, malo olumikizirana ndi nozzles (ngati pali chopopera).
– Gwero la madzi (mtsinje, ngalande, chitsime chosaya, chitsime chakuya, dziwe losungira madzi, kapena dziwe) ndi lomwe limasankha mtundu wa pampu yoyenera, makamaka pankhani ya mphamvu yokoka madzi ndi kuya kwake.
Ndi mfundo zitatu izi, kusankha pampu kumakhala kolondola kwambiri ndipo kumapewa "kungosankha zazikulu" zomwe kwenikweni zimawononga ndalama zambiri.
Mitundu ya mapampu othirira ndi momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito
1) Pampu ya centrifugal
Mapampu a centrifugal ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pothirira pamwamba, kudzaza maiwe, kapena kusamutsa madzi kuchokera ku ngalande kupita kuminda. Amagwira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito impeller yomwe imazungulira madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi aziyenda bwino komanso kuti madzi aziyenda bwino.
Zochulukira:
- Mtengo wake ndi wotsika mtengo komanso wosavuta kupeza.
- Kukonza kosavuta, zida zambiri zosinthira.
- Yoyenera kutulutsa madzi ambiri kuyambira pa mutu wapakati mpaka wapansi.
Kukonzekera:
– Kuchepa kwa mphamvu yoyamwa (nthawi zambiri imagwira ntchito mpaka mamita 6–8, kutengera momwe zinthu zilili).
- Sizothandiza kwambiri kwa anthu okalamba kwambiri.
Mtundu uwu wa pompu ndi woyenera minda ya mpunga kapena minda yomwe imafuna madzi ambiri koma osati okwera kwambiri.
2) Pampu yolowa m'madzi (pampu yolowa m'madzi)
Mapampu olowa m'madzi amagwira ntchito pomizidwa m'madzi, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zitsime zobowoledwa kapena zitsime zakuya. Chifukwa chakuti amamizidwa, safuna njira yothira madzi monga mapampu a pamwamba.
Zochulukira:
- Yabwino kwambiri pa zitsime zakuya; imatha kutulutsa madzi kuchokera pansi.
- Yokhazikika kwambiri chifukwa sikumana ndi mavuto chifukwa cha kutayika kwa mphamvu yoyamwa.
- Nthawi zambiri kumakhala chete.
Kukonzekera:
- Ndalama zoyambira zimakhala zambiri.
- Kukhazikitsa ndi kukonza n'kovuta kwambiri, kumafuna kugwiritsa ntchito zingwe ndi mapaipi oyima.
- Imafuna magetsi kapena jenereta yokwanira.
Mapampu olowa m'madzi ndi omwe amasankhidwa kwambiri ngati madzi akuchokera m'chitsime chakuya chomwe sichimalola kugwiritsa ntchito pampu yoyamwa madzi nthawi zonse.
3) Pampu ya jeti
Mapampu a jet nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zitsime zosaya kwambiri mpaka zapakatikati. Pali mitundu yonse ya jet ya zitsime zosaya kwambiri komanso jet ya zitsime zozama (pogwiritsa ntchito ma ejectors).
Zochulukira:
- Yoyenera malo osungira zitsime omwe si akuya kwambiri.
- N'zosavuta kuyika pa ulimi wothirira wa m'nyumba zazing'ono mpaka m'malo ang'onoang'ono.
Kukonzekera:
- Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino nthawi zambiri kumakhala kotsika poyerekeza ndi konyowa m'madzi.
- Imafuna kutsukidwa ndipo imatha kutaya madzi ngati pali kutuluka kwa madzi.
Mapampu a jet ndi oyenera minda yaying'ono yomwe imafuna madzi okwanira kuchokera pachitsime chosaya kwambiri.
4) Mapampu oyenda ndi ozungulira komanso osakanikirana (pampu ya propela)
Mapampu oyenda pansi pa nthaka (axial flow pumps) ndi ofanana ndi ma propeller, ndipo ndi abwino kwambiri pa kutulutsa madzi akuluakulu okhala ndi mitu yotsika (monga madzi oyenda kuchokera mumtsinje kupita ku ngalande yothirira).
Zochulukira:
- Kutulutsa madzi ambiri, koyenera kuthirira madera akuluakulu.
- Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu pa kuchuluka kwa madzi kungakhale kothandiza kwambiri pakakhala madzi otsika.
Kukonzekera:
– Sikoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mapaipi amphamvu kapena mtunda wautali.
- Kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo okhazikika.
Pampu iyi nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mapulojekiti othirira pagulu la alimi kapena m'chigawo chilichonse.
5) Pampu yowonjezera ya sprinkler ndi drip
Ngati njira yothirira imagwiritsa ntchito zothirira madzi kapena zothirira madzi, chofunika kwambiri si kungoyenda bwino kwa madzi komanso kupanikizika kokhazikika. Nthawi zina, pampu yapadera ya kupanikizika kapena pampu ya centrifugal imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cholimbikitsira.
Zochulukira:
- Sungani mphamvu yokhazikika kuti madzi agawidwe mofanana.
- Yothandiza kwambiri pothirira madzi osawononga madzi monga kuthirira ndi madontho.
Kukonzekera:
- Imafuna kuwerengera kolondola kwambiri kwa kuthamanga kwa magazi.
- Njira yosefera nthawi zambiri imakhala yofunikira (makamaka pa madontho) kuti chotulutsira madzi chisatseke.
Zosankha za Powertrain: petulo, dizilo kapena magetsi?
Injini ya petulo
Yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamlingo waung'ono, kuyenda kwambiri, komanso osatenga nthawi yayitali patsiku.
– Ubwino: kuwala, kosavuta kuyatsa, kukonza kosavuta.
– Zoyipa: kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta kumatha kukhala kokwera kuposa dizilo pamene ikugwiritsidwa ntchito molemera; nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito ikagwiritsidwa ntchito molemera nthawi zonse imatha kukhala yochepa.
Injini ya dizilo
Njira yotchuka yothirira m'munda chifukwa cha mphamvu yake yamphamvu komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mafuta kuti igwire ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali.
– Ubwino: yolimba pa ntchito yolemetsa, yotsika mtengo pakugwiritsa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali, komanso yolimba kwambiri.
– Zoyipa: zolemera, phokoso, mtengo woyambira komanso ntchito nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokwera.
Galimoto yamagetsi
Yabwino kwambiri m'malo omwe magetsi amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mapampu olowa m'madzi komanso m'malo okhazikika.
– Ubwino: ntchito yotsika mtengo, kukonza kochepa, phokoso lochepa.
– Zoyipa: Zimadalira kupezeka kwa magetsi; ngati mugwiritsa ntchito jenereta, ndalama zitha kukwera.
Kudziwa kukula kwa pampu: musamangoyang'ana "mainchesi" okha
M'munda, mapampu nthawi zambiri amasankhidwa kutengera kukula kwa chitoliro (monga mainchesi awiri, mainchesi atatu, mainchesi anayi). Komabe, kukula kwa inchi kumangosonyeza kukula kwa doko, osati kuchuluka kwa madzi kapena mutu. Mapampu awiri a mainchesi atatu akhoza kukhala ndi magwiridwe antchito osiyana kwambiri.
Chofunika kwambiri ndi kulunjika kwa pampu: ubale pakati pa kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi mutu. Pa kuthirira, sankhani pampu yomwe imagwira ntchito pafupi ndi malo ake abwino kwambiri (BEP) kuti muchepetse zinyalala ndi kutentha kwambiri.
Monga mwachidule:
- Malo athyathyathya okhala ndi ngalande yapafupi nthawi zambiri amakhala okwanira okhala ndi mutu wotsika.
– Malo okhala ndi nthaka, mapaipi aatali, kapena zothira madzi zimafuna mitu yayitali.
– Chitoliro chikakhala chachitali komanso kukula kwa chitolirocho kukakhala kochepa, kuthamanga kwa mpweya kumachepa kwambiri.
Zinthu za m'munda zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaiwalika
1. Ubwino wa madzi ndi matope. Madzi a mumtsinje okhala ndi matope amatha kufulumizitsa kuwonongeka kwa impeller ndi seal. Gwiritsani ntchito sefa ndipo ganizirani za pampu "yosagwira dothi".
2. Kupaka ndi kutayira madzi. Mapampu apamwamba amafunika kupakidwa madzi; kutayira pang'ono mu cholumikizira chokokera madzi kumatha kuletsa pampu kupopa madzi.
3. Kupezeka kwa zida zosinthira. Mitundu yomwe ilipo m'deralo ndi yotetezeka chifukwa zida zosinthira zimapezeka mosavuta.
4. Chitetezo ndi kuba. Mapampu onyamulika amafunika chitetezo chifukwa nthawi zambiri amasunthidwa ndipo amatha kutayika mosavuta.
5. Mtengo wonse (TCO). Musangoganizira za mtengo wogulira. Ganizirani za mafuta/magetsi, mafuta, ntchito, ndi nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito.
Malangizo osankha kutengera zochitika
– Mtsinje/ngalande yapafupi, malo osalala, imafuna kutulutsa madzi ambiri: pampu yonyamulika ya centrifugal kapena kayendedwe ka axial (kwa malo akuluakulu).
– Zitsime zozama: pampu yolowa m'madzi yokhala ndi mota yamagetsi kapena jenereta yokwanira.
– Zitsime zosaya kwambiri za minda yaying'ono: jet pump kapena centrifugal yaying'ono, kutengera kuchuluka kwa madzi.
– Kuthirira madzi opopera/kudontha: pampu yopopera mphamvu/yowonjezera mphamvu yokhala ndi mawerengedwe abwino a mutu ndi kusefa.
– Kugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali tsiku lililonse popanda magetsi: injini za dizilo zimakhala zotsika mtengo kwambiri pakapita nthawi.
Kutseka
Kusankha mpope wothirira sikungofuna njira "yaikulu" kapena "yotsika mtengo"; koma kufananiza mpope ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi, mutu, gwero la madzi, ndi zofunikira pa njira yogawa madzi. Mapampu a centrifugal ndi oyenera kusamutsa madzi ambiri, mapampu olowa m'madzi ndi abwino kwambiri pazitsime zakuya, pomwe makina opopera ndi opopera madzi amafunikira mapampu okhazikika. Kuphatikiza apo, sankhani mota (mafuta, dizilo, kapena magetsi) kutengera momwe munda ulili komanso ndalama zogwirira ntchito. Ndi kuwerengera koyenera, mpopewu udzagwira ntchito bwino, kugawa madzi mofanana, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ulimi ukolola bwino.
Ngati mukufuna, ndingakuthandizeni kupanga njira yaukadaulo yokhala ndi chitsanzo chosavuta chowerengera mutu wotulutsa madzi kutengera malo, mtundu wa chomera, ndi kutalika kwa chitoliro chogwiritsidwa ntchito.
