Mbiri ya Nyali ya Incandescent ya Edison
Babu la nyali loyatsa magetsi lakhala chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya chitukuko chamakono, kusintha momwe anthu amaonera komanso kuyanjana ndi dziko lapansi. Munthu wina amene nthawi zambiri amalemekezedwa chifukwa chofalitsa ndi kukonza bwino babu la nyali loyatsa magetsi ndi Thomas Alva Edison. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza mbiri ya babu la nyali la Edison, kuyambira pakukula kwake koyambirira, mavuto omwe anakumana nawo, mpaka momwe zinthuzi zinakhudzira chikhalidwe ndi zachuma.
Mbiri ndi Zomwe Zapezeka Poyamba
Asanayambe Edison, opanga zinthu ambiri anayesa kupanga mababu amphamvu kwambiri. Kwenikweni, babu loyatsa limagwira ntchito potenthetsa ulusi mpaka litawala. Sir Humphry Davy, wasayansi waku England, anali m'modzi mwa opanga zinthu oyamba kupanga bwino kuwala pogwiritsa ntchito magetsi mu 1802. Anagwiritsa ntchito magetsi oyenda kudzera mu platinum strip kuti apange kuwala. Komabe, nyali izi sizinali zogwira ntchito bwino ndipo zinkangokhala kwa nthawi yochepa kwambiri.
Patapita zaka makumi ambiri, Warren de la Rue, katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku England, anayesa kusintha lingaliroli pogwiritsa ntchito ulusi wa platinamu mkati mwa machubu otayira mpweya. Ngakhale kuti ukadaulo uwu unali wolimba kwambiri, mtengo wokwera wa platinamu unapangitsa kuti ikhale yosatheka kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamalonda.
Mu 1854, Heinrich Göbel, wa ku Germany-America, adapanga nyali yowala yokhala ndi ulusi wopangidwa ndi nsungwi ya kaboni. Ukadaulo uwu unali pafupi ndi ungwiro, koma unkafunikabe kusintha zinthu zambiri.
Kusintha kwa Thomas Alva Edison
Thomas Alva Edison anabadwa pa February 11, 1847, ku Milan, Ohio, United States. Ngakhale kuti anali katswiri wopanga zinthu zatsopano wokhala ndi ma patent oposa 1.000, dzina lake lodziwika kwambiri linali babu la incandescent.
Mu 1879, Edison anayamba kuyesa zinthu zosiyanasiyana zopangidwa ndi ulusi. Atachita zoyeserera zoposa 3.000, potsiriza adapeza kuti ulusi wa kaboni ndiye chisankho chabwino kwambiri. Pa Okutobala 21, 1879, Edison adapanga bwino nyali yoyaka kwa maola 13,5 osazima ndi vacuum.
Pali zinthu zingapo zatsopano za nyali ya incandescent yomwe idapangidwa ndi Edison zomwe zimasiyana ndi zomwe zidapangidwa kale:
1. Ulusi wa Kaboni: Kupanga kwa Edison ulusi wa kaboni kunapereka kulimba kosayerekezeka. Ngakhale kuti ulusi uwu pamapeto pake unalowedwa m'malo ndi ulusi wa tungsten wamphamvu komanso wogwira ntchito bwino, kaboni unali chinthu chofunikira kwambiri choyambirira.
2. Chitoliro cha Vacuum: Edison anaonetsetsa kuti ulusiwo uli mu chubu cha vacuum kapena wodzazidwa ndi mpweya winawake kuti apewe kukhuthala, motero kukulitsa moyo wa nyali.
3. Dongosolo Lamagetsi: Edison anazindikira kuti babu lamagetsi loyatsira magetsi lingakhale lothandiza pokhapokha ngati pali dongosolo lamagetsi lothandizira kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake. Chifukwa chake, iye ndi gulu lake adapanganso njira yogawa magetsi bwino. Mu 1882, adamanga fakitale yamagetsi ku Pearl Street, New York, yomwe imatumikira dera la Manhattan.
Mavuto ndi Mikangano
Monga zinthu zambiri zazikulu zomwe zapangidwa, babu la Edison loyatsa magetsi silinali lopanda mavuto ndi mikangano. Chimodzi mwa nkhani zazikulu zomwe zimakambidwa nthawi zambiri ndi mkangano wokhudza yemwe anayambitsa babu lamagetsi "weniweni" limeneli. Anthu ena ambiri, monga Nikola Tesla ndi Hiram Maxim, nawonso adachita kafukufuku ndi chitukuko m'munda womwewo.
Mwachitsanzo, Sir Joseph Swan, katswiri wopanga zinthu ku England, nayenso adapanga ukadaulo wa kuwala kwa carbon filament incandescent pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo Edison. Mu 1880, Edison ndi Swan pamapeto pake adaganiza zogwirira ntchito limodzi ndipo adayambitsa kampani ya Edison & Swan United Electric Light Company.
Kuphatikiza apo, panali mavuto azaukadaulo ndi zachuma pakufalitsa ukadaulo uwu. Edison anayenera kuthana ndi mavuto okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu moyenera, kugawa magetsi, ndi ndalama zopangira kuti anthu onse athe kupeza magetsi a incandescent. Kumanga nyumba zazikulu zamagetsi kunafunanso ndalama zambiri komanso nthawi yambiri.
Zotsatira za Anthu ndi Zachuma
Nyali ya Edison yowala kwambiri inali ndi mphamvu yosintha zinthu yomwe sinangokhudza sayansi ndi ukadaulo wokha komanso inakhudzanso chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso zachuma.
1. Kusintha kwa Moyo: Magetsi asanayambe, mafuta a palafini ndi makandulo zinali zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimapatsa kuwala usiku. Kupanga kwa Edison kunathandiza anthu kukhala ndi kuwala kowala, kokhazikika, komanso kotetezeka. Izi zinasintha ntchito ndi machitidwe a anthu, zomwe zinalola anthu kugwira ntchito ndikuchita zinthu zina nthawi yayitali dzuwa litalowa.
2. Kukula kwa Mafakitale: Ukadaulo watsopanowu wa magetsi unathandizira kukula kwa mafakitale mwa kulola mafakitale ndi malo ena ogwirira ntchito kugwira ntchito nthawi zonse. Izi zinawonjezera kwambiri zokolola, zomwe zinalimbikitsa kukula kwachuma.
3. Kukula kwa mizinda: Pamene magetsi amagetsi anayamba kugwira ntchito bwino, mizinda ikuluikulu inayamba kukula mofulumira. Madera amalonda ndi okhalamo anamangidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana, ndipo njira zoyendera monga sitima zamagetsi ndi ma tram zinayamba kugwira ntchito.
4. Zatsopano Zina: Kupambana kwa nyali yoyaka kunalimbikitsa luso lamakono m'magawo ena. Edison mwiniwakeyo anapitiriza kafukufuku wake popanga zipangizo zamagetsi ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana, monga galamafoni ndi jenereta yamagetsi.
Mapeto Omaliza
Pomaliza, mbiri ya Edison ya nyali yowala ndi nkhani yokhudza kupirira kodabwitsa, luso latsopano, ndi masomphenya. Ngakhale kuti sanali yekhayo amene anayambitsa ntchitoyi, luso lake lopanga ukadaulo wabwino kwambiri komanso njira yogawa magetsi moyenera zimamupangitsa kukhala munthu wofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya kuunikira kochita kupanga.
Kupangidwa kumeneku sikunangosintha momwe anthu amapangira magwero a kuwala, komanso kunasintha kwambiri chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso zachuma. Kuyambira pa chitukuko cha mafakitale mpaka kusintha kwa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, cholowa cha Edison chidzakumbukiridwa ngati chochitika chofunikira kwambiri m'mbiri ya ukadaulo.
M'dziko lomwe likusintha mofulumira, cholowa cha Edison chimatikumbutsa kuti luso lamakono silimatha ndipo nthawi zonse pali malo oti zinthu zisinthe zomwe zingakhudze kwambiri chitukuko cha anthu.
