Njira Yodziwira Zinthu Mwachidwi mu Uphungu
Njira yopangira uphungu ndi njira yomwe imaika chidziwitso cha kasitomala pakati pa kumvetsetsa ndi kulowererapo. Mkati mwa dongosololi, alangizi amafuna kumvetsetsa dziko lapansi monga momwe kasitomala amalionera—osati momwe "liyenera" kukhalira malinga ndi chiphunzitso, miyambo ya anthu, kapena ziweruzo zakunja. Phenomenology imagogomezera kuti tanthauzo la munthu m'moyo, kuvutika, zisankho, ndi ziyembekezo zimapangidwa ndi momwe amakumana ndi kutanthauzira zochitika. Chifukwa chake, uphungu wa phenomenological umapitirira kungofunafuna zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto "zolinga", koma m'malo mwake umafufuza momwe vutoli limaonekera m'maganizo a kasitomala ndi tanthauzo lake kwa iwo.
Mizu ya Maganizo Odabwitsa
Zochitika zamoyo zimachokera ku filosofi ya Edmund Husserl, yomwe imatipempha kuti "tibwerere ku zinthu zokha," kutanthauza kuti, titsogolere zomwe takumana nazo tisanatchulidwe mayina, kugawidwa m'magulu, kapena kuganiziridwa. Ponena za ubale wa anthu, kuganiza kumeneku kunayamba kudzera mwa anthu monga Martin Heidegger, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, ndi Jean-Paul Sartre, omwe adagogomezera kukhalapo kwa anthu ngati chinthu chomwe chimakhalapo nthawi zonse padziko lapansi: anthu samakhala ngati anthu okhaokha, koma nthawi zonse amakhala olumikizidwa ndi thupi, nthawi, maubwenzi, chikhalidwe, ndi chilengedwe.
Ponena za uphungu ndi psychotherapy, phenomenology imagwira ntchito ngati maziko ofunikira a njira zaumunthu ndi zamoyo. Njira zambiri zolangizira anthu, gestalt, ndi zamoyo zimatsatira mzimu wa phenomenological: kuika patsogolo zomwe kasitomala akukumana nazo, kuchepetsa chiweruzo, ndikumanga kumvetsetsa kudzera mu zokambirana.
Mfundo Zoyambira mu Uphungu wa Zochitika
Pali mfundo zingapo zofunika zomwe zimasiyanitsa njira yodziwira matenda ndi njira zomwe zimagogomezera kwambiri matenda, kuyeza, kapena kutanthauzira mbali imodzi.
1. Kufunika kwa chidziwitso chaumwini
Zochitika zimaona zomwe kasitomala wakumana nazo ngati deta yaikulu. Chofunika si "zomwe zinachitika," koma "momwe zinachitikira." Mwachitsanzo, anthu awiri angakumane ndi chochitika chofanana - kutayika kwa ntchito - koma matanthauzo ake amasiyana: kwa munthu mmodzi ndi chiwopsezo cha kudzidalira, kwa wina ndi mwayi woti ayambe moyo watsopano. Alangizi a zochitika amafufuza kusiyana kumeneku m'matanthauzo moganizira.
2. Epoche kapena bracketing (kuimitsa malingaliro)
Aphungu amayesetsa kuthetsa tsankho, mayina, ndi kutanthauzira kosakonzekera. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti alibe chidziwitso cha chiphunzitso, koma amaika chiphunzitso ngati chida, osati lenzi yayikulu. Kudzera mu mabulaketi, aphungu amadziphunzitsa okha kukhalapo poyera: "Ndikufuna kumvetsetsa zomwe mwakumana nazo pamene mukuziona."
3. Cholinga: kudziwa nthawi zonse kumakhala pa chinthu china
Phenomenology imakhulupirira kuti chidziwitso cha anthu nthawi zonse chimayang'ana pa chinthu china, chochitika, kapena tanthauzo. Mu uphungu, izi zimathandiza alangizi kufufuza "njira" ya zomwe kasitomala amakumana nazo—zomwe zimawadetsa nkhawa kwambiri, zomwe amapewa, zomwe amaopa, ndi zomwe amayembekezera. Mwachitsanzo, nkhawa si chizindikiro chokha; nthawi zambiri imayang'ana ku tsogolo lomwe likuwoneka ngati loopsa.
4. Kutsimikizika kwa ubale wochiritsira
Njira yodziwikiratu za zinthu imasonyeza kufunika kwa kukumana kwa anthu mu uphungu. Ubale wa aphungu ndi kasitomala si wa akatswiri okha, koma ndi malo otetezeka, omvetsetsana, komanso enieni okambirana. Ndi kudzera mu ubale umenewu momwe makasitomala amatha kufufuza zochitika zomwe kale zinali zobisika, zochititsa manyazi, kapena zoopsa.
Cholinga cha Uphungu wa Zochitika
Cholinga chachikulu cha uphungu wa zochitika ndi kufotokoza bwino zomwe wodwalayo akukumana nazo mkati mwake ndikuwathandiza kupeza tanthauzo, zisankho, ndi njira zokhalira m'dziko zomwe zimagwirizana ndi iwo okha. Kusintha sikumayesedwa nthawi zonse ndi kutha kwa zizindikiro, koma ndi chidziwitso chowonjezeka, kudzivomereza, ufulu wosankha, ndi udindo pa zisankho.
Nthawi zambiri, mavuto amisala amapitirira chifukwa makasitomala amakhala otanganidwa ndi njira zotanthauzira zokumana nazo zopweteka—monga, kumva kuti “ndilibe phindu” kapena “dziko lapansi ndi losatetezeka.” Uphungu wa zochitika umathandiza makasitomala kuona momwe matanthauzowa amapangikira, momwe amakhudzira zisankho za moyo, komanso ngati zimakhalabe zofunikira kapena zoletsa.
Njira ndi Njira Zomwe Zimagwiritsidwa Ntchito Kawirikawiri
Kuphunzira zinthu zatsopano si njira yoganizira kwambiri zaukadaulo. Komabe, pali njira zina zophunzitsira zomwe zimagwirizana ndi mzimu wa zinthu zodabwitsa.
1. Mafunso ofufuza mozama
Alangizi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mafunso omwe amabweretsa kufotokozera zomwe zachitika, m'malo mofotokozera mfundo zamaganizo. Mwachitsanzo:
- "Mukumva bwanji zimenezo m'thupi lanu?"
- "N’chiyani chinakubwererani m’maganizo panthawiyo?"
- "Ngati kumverera kumeneku kungalankhule, kunganene chiyani?"
– “Kodi nkhani iyi ikutanthauza chiyani kwa inu?”
Mafunso ngati awa amathandiza makasitomala kubwerera ku zomwe adakumana nazo mwatsatanetsatane komanso moona mtima.
2. Kuganizira ndi kufotokoza tanthauzo
Mlangizi amaganiziranso zomwe wamva kuti atsimikizire kumvetsetsa bwino ndikuthandiza kasitomala kuwona momwe tanthauzo lake lilili. Mwachitsanzo: "Mukanena kuti 'watopa,' zimamveka ngati simukutopa mwakuthupi kokha, komanso mwatopa chifukwa choyesetsa nthawi zonse kukwaniritsa zomwe mukuyembekezera." Kusinkhasinkha kwamtunduwu kumatsegula malo a matanthauzo atsopano.
3. Yang'anani pa "pano ndi pano"
Alangizi ambiri a zochitika amalimbikitsa makasitomala kuti azisamala ndi zomwe akumana nazo panthawi ya phunziroli: malingaliro omwe akubwera, malingaliro a thupi, zilakolako zodzipatula, kapena zosowa zotsimikizira. "Pano ndi pano" sikutanthauza kunyalanyaza zakale, koma kuwona momwe zingakhalirenso munthawi ino.
4. Kufotokozera kusanatanthauzidwe
M'malo mongoganiza nthawi yomweyo kuti, "Muzu wa vutoli ndi kuvulala" kapena "Ili ndi vuto linalake," alangizi amalimbikitsa makasitomala kufotokoza zomwe zinachitika: zomwe zinachitika, momwe zidamvekera, zomwe amaganiza, ndi zomwe adamva. Kuchokera ku mafotokozedwe olemera, kumvetsetsa nthawi zambiri kumawonekera mwachibadwa ndipo kumamveka ngati "kwa kasitomala."
Zitsanzo za Kugwiritsa Ntchito M'milandu Yopereka Uphungu
Tangoganizani kasitomala akubwera akudandaula kuti, "Ndikuda nkhawa kwambiri kuntchito." Njira yodziwira zinthu sizimafulumira kupeza njira zochepetsera nkhawa. Mlangizi adzafufuza nthawi yomwe nkhawayo imayamba, nthawi zomwe imachitika, momwe imamvekera, komanso tanthauzo lake.
Mwina kasitomala amazindikira kuti nkhawa imayamba makamaka akamalankhula chifukwa amaona zolakwa zazing'ono ngati umboni wa "kulephera kwawo." Kapena mwina nkhawa imachokera ku zomwe adakumana nazo kale chifukwa chochititsidwa manyazi. Mwa kumasula matanthauzo ndi zochitika zomwe zimayenderana ndi nkhawa, kasitomala amatha kuwona kuti chomwe chimawopsa si nkhani yokhayo, koma chiwopsezo cha umunthu wake. Kuchokera apa, njira zothanirana zitha kulunjika pakumanganso tanthauzo, kulimbitsa umunthu wake, ndikusankha mayankho abwino.
Ubwino wa Njira Yodziwira Zinthu Zachilengedwe
Njira imeneyi ili ndi ubwino wambiri. Choyamba, imalemekeza kasitomala monga katswiri pa moyo wake, motero amamva kuti akumvetsetsa bwino komanso ali otetezeka. Chachiwiri, zochitika zimathandiza kupeza mfundo zosiyanasiyana zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatayika m'malemba ozindikiritsa matenda. Chachitatu, njira iyi ndi yosinthasintha m'zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana chifukwa siimayika muyezo umodzi; alangizi amatha kukhala osamala kwambiri ndi matanthauzo ochokera m'malingaliro, miyambo, ndi chikhalidwe cha kasitomala.
Kuphatikiza apo, uphungu wa zochitika ndi woyenera pa nkhani zokhudzana ndi moyo monga kutaya tanthauzo, mavuto a umunthu, mikangano yamtengo wapatali, kusungulumwa, chisoni, ndi kusintha kwa moyo. Nkhanizi nthawi zambiri sizingathetsedwe kudzera mu njira zamakhalidwe zokha, chifukwa zimakhudza mafunso okhudza "ndani ine" ndi "momwe ndikufuna kukhalira."
Zolepheretsa ndi Zovuta
Zochitika zimakumananso ndi mavuto. Chifukwa zimagogomezera kufufuza zomwe zachitika, njirayi ingatenge nthawi komanso ubale wolimba komanso wozama. Makasitomala omwe akufuna mayankho mwachangu angapeze njira iyi "yozungulira mozungulira" ngati mlangizi alephera kuwatsogolera bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, luso loyika ma bracket limafuna kudzidziwa bwino kwambiri kuchokera kwa mlangizi; malingaliro kapena kutanthauzira kobisika kumatha kusintha chidwi cha kasitomala kutali ndi zomwe adakumana nazo.
Nthawi zina—monga mavuto aakulu, chiopsezo chodzipha, kapena kuvutika maganizo kwambiri—njira yodziwikiratu ingagwiritsidwebe ntchito, koma nthawi zambiri imafunika kuphatikizidwa ndi njira zoyezera zoopsa, kutumiza anthu ku matenda amisala, kapena njira zopezera umboni kuti zikhazikike.
Kutseka
Njira yopangira uphungu imapereka njira yaumunthu komanso yozama yomvetsetsa makasitomala. Mwa kuyang'ana kwambiri pa zomwe zachitikadi, alangizi amathandiza makasitomala kuwona dziko lawo momveka bwino, kupeza tanthauzo lolimbikitsa, komanso kupanga zisankho zenizeni. Phenomenology imatikumbutsa kuti kumbuyo kwa chizindikiro chilichonse pali nkhani ya zomwe zachitika—ndipo kumbuyo kwa nkhani iliyonse pali munthu amene akufuna kumvedwa, osati kungoweruzidwa. M'dziko lomwe nthawi zambiri limathamangira kulemba mayina, uphungu wa phenomenological umapereka malo chete oti munthu amve, azindikire, komanso akule.
