Malangizo Olemba Ma Code Osasinthika
Kulemba ma code sikuti kungopangitsa pulogalamu "kuyendetsa." Mwachizolowezi, nthawi yochuluka yopanga mapulogalamu imagwiritsidwa ntchito powerenga, kukonza, ndikupanga ma code omwe alipo kale—kaya anu kapena a wina. Chifukwa chake, luso lolemba ma code okhazikika ndi luso lofunika kwambiri kwa wopanga mapulogalamu aliyense. Ma code okhazikika amachepetsa ndalama zokonzera, amafulumizitsa kuwonjezera zinthu, amachepetsa zolakwika, ndipo amapangitsa mgwirizano wamagulu kukhala wogwira mtima kwambiri. Nazi malangizo othandiza polemba ma code oyera, omveka bwino, komanso olimba.
1. Ikani patsogolo kuwerenga bwino kuposa "nzeru"
Khodi "yanzeru" nthawi zambiri imakhala yovuta kuimvetsa. Mwachitsanzo, kulemba mzere wachidule kwambiri wa khodi kungawoneke kokongola, koma kungakhale kosokoneza mukawerenganso. Sankhani yankho lomveka bwino, ngakhale litakhala lalitali pang'ono. Kuwerenga mosavuta ndi ndalama: mutha kulemba khodi kamodzi kokha, koma mudzawerenga kangapo.
Mwachitsanzo, m'malo moyika ntchito zingapo m'chiganizo chimodzi, zilekanitseni m'magawo okhala ndi mayina osinthika ofunikira. Izi zimathandiza owerenga kumvetsetsa cholinga cha pulogalamuyo popanda kukayikira.
2. Gwiritsani ntchito mayina omveka bwino komanso ofanana
Mayina osinthika, ntchito, ndi kalasi ndi "mzere woyamba wa zolemba" za code yanu. Mayina abwino ayenera kufotokoza udindo wawo kapena cholinga chawo, osati mawonekedwe a deta yawo okha. Mwachitsanzo, `userList` ndi yothandiza kwambiri kuposa `ul`, ndipo `calculateTotalPrice()` ndi yomveka bwino kuposa `ctp()`.
Kuwonjezera pa kumveka bwino, mayina ayeneranso kukhala ofanana. Ngati mugwiritsa ntchito camelCase pazinthu zosinthika, pitirizani kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yonse ya polojekiti yanu. Pa makalasi, gwiritsani ntchito PascalCase ngati ndiyo njira yanu yolankhulira yomwe mumakonda. Kusinthasintha kumapangitsa kuti ma code azimveka ngati ofanana ndipo kumachepetsa nkhawa mukawerenga.
3. Gwiritsani ntchito mfundo ya “Udindo Umodzi”
Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma code akhale ovuta kuwasunga ndi ntchito kapena magulu omwe amachita zinthu zambiri. Mfundo ya Udindo Wina imasonyeza kuti gawo la ma code liyenera kukhala ndi udindo umodzi wokha. Ntchito yayitali kwambiri nthawi zambiri imakhala chizindikiro chakuti iyenera kugawidwa.
Mwachitsanzo, ntchito ya "checkout process" yomwe imatsimikizira nthawi yomweyo zomwe zalowetsedwa, kuwerengera mitengo, kulumikizana ndi njira yolipirira, ndikutumiza maimelo ingakhale yovuta kuyesa komanso yovuta kusintha. Mwa kuigawa m'magawo osiyanasiyana (kutsimikizira, kuwerengera, kulipira, zidziwitso), mutha kusintha gawo limodzi popanda kuphwanya ena.
4. Pewani kubwerezabwereza (KUUMA), koma musapitirire.
KUDYA (Musabwerezenso) ndi mfundo yofunika kwambiri: ngati mukopera buloko lomwelo la code kangapo, kusintha pang'ono kudzafunika kuti musinthe chilichonse. Izi zimakhala ndi zolakwika. Yankho lake ndikutenga mfundo yobwerezabwereza mu ntchito kapena module.
Komabe, ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti kupewa kubwerezabwereza kwambiri kungawonongenso kuwerengedwa. Ngati zidutswa ziwiri za ma code zikuwoneka zofanana koma zili ndi nkhani zosiyana, kukakamiza "kuchotsa" kungapangitse kuti ma code akhale ovuta. Pezani njira yolinganiza: sinthani pamene kubwerezabwereza kuli ndi tanthauzo lenileni ndipo kumatha kusintha pamodzi.
5. Pangani dongosolo labwino la polojekiti
Kapangidwe ka foda komveka bwino kumakhudza kukonza kosavuta. Gawani mafayilo malinga ndi mawonekedwe kapena gawo, osati mtundu wa fayilo yokha, makamaka pamapulojekiti akuluakulu. Kapangidwe kabwino kamapangitsa kuti atsopano amvetsetse kapangidwe ka polojekiti mosavuta.
Mwachitsanzo, m'malo moyika zigawo zonse za UI mu chikwatu chimodzi chachikulu, mutha kuzigawa malinga ndi mawonekedwe: `auth/`, `profile/`, `checkout/`, ndi zina zotero. Njira iyi imathandiza kuti polojekiti yanu ikule pamene ikukula.
6. Chepetsani zovuta ndipo pangani kuti kuyenda komveka bwino kukhale kosavuta kutsatira.
Khodi yodzaza ndi mawu okhala ndi ma nest if-else, mikhalidwe yambiri, ndi zosiyana zapadera nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kusunga. Yesetsani kupangitsa kuti logic yanu ikhale yosavuta. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito njira monga kubwerera koyambirira kuti muchepetse nesting, kapena kusuntha logic yovuta kukhala ntchito zazing'ono zomwe zingatchulidwe moyenera.
Ngati ntchito ili ndi magawo ambiri, imawonetsanso zovuta. Ganizirani kugwiritsa ntchito chinthu chosinthira (kapena kapangidwe ka deta) kuti mukonze bwino magawo ndikupangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuwakulitsa.
7. Lembani ndemanga zomwe zili pa cholinga
Ndemanga sizilowa m'malo mwa code yomveka bwino. Ngati mukufuna kufotokoza "zomwe code imachita," mwina iyenera kuwerengedwa mosavuta. Komabe, ndemanga zimakhala zothandizabe pofotokoza "chifukwa" chomwe chinachitikira, makamaka ngati pali zisankho za kapangidwe, zoletsa zamakina, kapena zifukwa zinazake zamabizinesi.
Zitsanzo za ndemanga zabwino zikuphatikizapo kufotokoza chifukwa chake njira inayake imagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa cha zolepheretsa magwiridwe antchito, kapena chifukwa chake lamulo lotsimikizira limawoneka lachilendo chifukwa limatsatira lamulo. Mwanjira imeneyi, ena "sadzakonza" khodi ndikuswa mfundo zofunika.
8. Gwiritsani ntchito malangizo okonza ma code ndi kalembedwe kake
Kupanga ma code nthawi zonse kumapangitsa kuti ma code azioneka aukatswiri komanso osavuta kuwerenga. Gwiritsani ntchito ma linters ndi ma formatter odziyimira pawokha ngati alipo (monga, ESLint + Prettier ya JavaScript, Black ya Python, kapena gofmt ya Go). Ndi zida izi, magulu sayenera kuda nkhawa ndi malo ndi kulowetsamo, chifukwa chilichonse chimayendetsedwa chokha.
Malangizo a kalembedwe amathandizanso: kaya kugwiritsa ntchito mawu amodzi kapena awiri, momwe mungatchulire mafayilo, nthawi yoti mudule mizere yayitali, ndi zina zotero. Miyezo yaying'ono ngati iyi ingapangitse kusiyana kwakukulu pakapita nthawi.
9. Lembani mayeso kuti mukhale ndi chidaliro mukasintha.
Makhodi okhazikika si oyera okha komanso otetezeka kusintha. Mayeso odziyimira pawokha (mayeso a mayunitsi, mayeso ophatikiza) amatsimikizira kuti zosintha zanu sizikuphwanya machitidwe omwe alipo. Popanda mayeso, anthu amaopa kusintha makhodi chifukwa cha chiopsezo cha zolakwika zomwe sizikudziwika.
Yambani ndi magawo ofunikira: ntchito zowerengera mitengo, malamulo ochotsera, kutsimikizira, kapena ma module osinthidwa pafupipafupi. Pakapita nthawi, kuphimba mayeso kudzakula ndikupereka chitetezo champhamvu ku kubwerera m'mbuyo.
10. Chitani kukonzanso nthawi zonse komanso moyenera
Kukonza ndi njira yopitilira. Kusintha sikutanthauza "kulembanso chilichonse," koma kusintha pang'ono komwe kumawongolera khalidwe la code popanda kusintha momwe imagwirira ntchito. Konzani nthawi iliyonse mukakhudza gawo la code: konzani pang'ono, konzani mayina, kuswa ntchito yayitali kwambiri, kapena kuchotsa code yofa.
Kukonzanso pang'ono komanso nthawi zonse kumakhala kotetezeka kuposa kukonzanso kwakukulu komanso kosachitika kawirikawiri. Ndipo nthawi zonse onetsetsani kuti mwayesa mokwanira, kapena kuyang'ana, kusintha kusanachitike komanso pambuyo pake.
11. Lembani zisankho zofunika
Kuwonjezera pa ndemanga zamakhodi, mapulojekiti abwino nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zolemba zazifupi: momwe mungayendetsere pulogalamuyo, momwe mungaimangire, momwe mungakonzere malo, ndi kufotokozera kwapamwamba kwa kapangidwe kake. Zolembazi siziyenera kukhala zambiri, koma ziyenera kukhala zolondola komanso zosavuta kupeza. Fayilo yosamalidwa bwino ngati `README.md` ingapulumutse nthawi yambiri yopeza mamembala atsopano.
Ngati pali chisankho chofunikira chaukadaulo (monga kusankha database inayake, kapangidwe ka zomangamanga, kapena choletsa kuphatikizana), lembani zifukwa zake. Izi zimathandiza gulu kumvetsetsa nkhaniyo ndikupewa kubwerezanso kukambirana komweko.
Kutseka
Ma code okhazikika ndi zotsatira za zizolowezi zabwino: kulemba momveka bwino, kuthetsa maudindo, kusunga kusinthasintha, kuchepetsa zovuta, ndi kuteteza kusintha ndi mayeso. Palibe code yomwe ili yangwiro, koma pulojekiti iliyonse imatha kusintha nthawi zonse ngati gululo lidzipereka kuchita bwino. Mukatsatira malangizo omwe ali pamwambapa, mudzakhala okonzeka bwino kuchita bwino—osati lero lokha, komanso m'miyezi ndi zaka zikubwerazi.
