Kusiyana pakati pa IPv4 ndi IPv6 Kwafotokozedwa
Pendauluan
Internet Protocol (IP) ndiye maziko a intaneti, zomwe zimathandiza makompyuta kuti azilankhulana pa netiweki yapadziko lonse lapansi. Mabaibulo awiri akuluakulu a protocol iyi ndi IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4) ndi IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6). Ngakhale kuti zonsezi ndi zofunika kwambiri pa intaneti, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pawo. M'nkhaniyi, tikambirana za kusiyana kumeneku mwatsatanetsatane.
Chiyambi cha IPv4
Mbiri ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito
IPv4 idayambitsidwa mu 1983 ngati gawo la ARPANET, yomwe idayambitsa intaneti yamakono. IPv4 idagwira ntchito ngati njira yokhazikika kwa zaka zoposa makumi atatu ndipo ikadali yolamulira ma network ambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Chifukwa chachikulu cha moyo wautali uwu ndikugwirizana kwa ma network omwe alipo, zida, ndi mapulogalamu ndi IPv4.
Kapangidwe ka Adilesi ya IP
Adilesi ya IPv4 ndi ma biti 32 ogawika m'magawo anayi olekanitsidwa ndi ma period (.), chitsanzo chake ndi 192.168.1.1. Gawo lililonse, kapena octet, likhoza kukhala ndi mtengo pakati pa 0 ndi 255. Izi zimapatsa IPv4 malo a adilesi okwana ma adilesi apadera okwana pafupifupi 4,3 biliyoni, omwe poyamba ankaganiziridwa kuti ndi okwanira.
Chiyambi cha IPv6
Zosowa ndi Chitukuko
Ndi kukula kwakukulu kwa intaneti ndi zida zolumikizidwa, zolepheretsa za malo a IPv4 address zinayamba kuonekera. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, panali nkhawa kuti IPv4 siikwanira kukwaniritsa kufunikira kwa IP address padziko lonse lapansi. Izi zinapangitsa kuti IPv6 ipangidwe, yomwe idayambitsidwa mu 1998 ndi Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
Kapangidwe ka Adilesi ya IP
Ma adilesi a IPv6 ndi aatali ma biti 128, otalikirapo kwambiri kuposa ma adilesi a IPv4. Amagawidwa m'magulu asanu ndi atatu a ma biti 16 olekanitsidwa ndi ma colon (:), chitsanzo chake ndi 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334. Izi zimathandiza IPv6 kuthandizira ma adilesi apadera okwana 340 undecillion (340 x 10^36), kugonjetsa malire ofunikira a IPv4.
Kusiyana kwaukadaulo pakati pa IPv4 ndi IPv6
Malo a Adilesi
Monga tanenera, kusiyana kwakukulu ndi kukula kwa malo a adilesi. Ma adilesi a IPv4 ali ndi ma bits 32, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ma adilesi pafupifupi 4,3 biliyoni, pomwe ma adilesi a IPv6 ali ndi ma bits 128, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ma adilesi ambiri opanda malire.
Mtundu wa Adilesi
– IPv4: Yolembedwa mu decimal yolekanitsidwa ndi madontho (monga, 192.168.0.1).
– IPv6: Yolembedwa mu hexadecimal notation yolekanitsidwa ndi ma colon (monga, 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).
Kapangidwe ndi Zokha
IPv6 idapangidwa ndi makina osinthira okha kuposa IPv4. IPv6 imagwiritsa ntchito Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP), yomwe imaphatikizapo zinthu monga autoconfiguration ndi service discovery. Ndi Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC), zipangizo zomwe zili pa netiweki ya IPv6 zimatha kupeza ma IP address okha popanda kufunikira seva ya DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol).
Keamanan
IPv6 idapangidwa ndi IPsec (Internet Protocol Security) ngati chinthu chofunikira, chothandizira kutsimikizira, kukhulupirika, ndi chinsinsi. Ngakhale IPsec ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito mu IPv4, ndi yosankha ndipo siyiyembekezeredwa mwachisawawa. Chifukwa chake, IPv6 imapereka njira yofanana komanso yokhazikika yopezera chitetezo.
Kuchita Bwino ndi Kuchita Bwino
IPv6 ili ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri a netiweki chifukwa cha mitu ya ma paketi yosavuta. Izi zimachepetsa katundu wokonza ma rauta, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma paketi azigwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu. Kuphatikiza apo, kugawikana kwa IPv6 kumayendetsedwa ndi chipangizo chotumiza, osati rauta, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magwiridwe antchito azigwira ntchito bwino.
Thandizo la Mafoni
IPv6 imaonedwa kuti ndi yothandiza kwambiri pa mafoni chifukwa imathandizira Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6), njira yomwe imalola zipangizo kuyenda pakati pa ma netiweki popanda kutaya kulumikizana. Ichi ndi chinthu chofunikira poganizira momwe intaneti ya Zinthu (IoT) ikupitira patsogolo komanso kukula kwa mafoni olumikizidwa pa intaneti.
Ubwino wa IPv6 kuposa IPv4
Kupatula zofunikira zaukadaulo, palinso zabwino zina zomwe zimapangitsa IPv6 kukhala yokongola kuposa IPv4:
Kuchuluka kwa kukula
Monga momwe tafotokozera kale, kuthekera kothandizira maadiresi ambiri kumalola IPv6 kuti igwirizane ndi kukula kwa zipangizo zolumikizidwa, kuyambira makompyuta mpaka masensa a IoT.
Ubwino wa Utumiki (QoS)
IPv6 yasintha zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa Quality of Service (QoS). Pogwiritsa ntchito kugawa magalimoto ndi kulemba mayina a anthu, IPv6 imatha kuzindikira mapaketi omwe amafunikira kusankhidwa mwapadera, monga kuwonera makanema kapena VoIP.
Kugwirizana ndi Zowonjezera
Mutu wa IPv6 wapangidwa kuti ukhale wosinthasintha komanso wowonjezera, zomwe zimalola kuwonjezera ndi kuphatikiza ma protocol atsopano popanda kufunikira kusintha kwakukulu kwa netiweki. Izi zimapangitsa IPv6 kukhala yosinthika kwambiri ku kusintha kwaukadaulo kwamtsogolo.
Kugwira Ntchito Mwachangu
IPv6 imathandizira kusonkhanitsa ma header, zomwe zimachepetsa overhead ya routing pa ISP, zimathandizira kuyendetsa bwino njira ndikuchepetsa katundu wa rauta.
Mavuto pa Kusintha kuchokera ku IPv4 kupita ku IPv6
Ngakhale kuti IPv6 ili ndi ubwino wambiri, kusinthaku sikuli kopanda mavuto:
Kugwirizana
Zipangizo ndi mapulogalamu ambiri omwe alipo amagwirizana ndi IPv4 yokha. Kuonetsetsa kuti zipangizo zonse za netiweki, mapulogalamu, ndi mapulogalamu omwe alipo akugwirizana ndi IPv6 kumafuna nthawi ndi zinthu zambiri.
Biya
Kukhazikitsa IPv6 kumafuna kukweza zida zamaukonde ndi zosintha zamapulogalamu, zomwe zingakhale zodula. Kuphatikiza apo, kuphunzitsa ogwira ntchito za IT kuti amvetsetse ndikusamalira maukonde a IPv6 ndi ndalama zina zofunika.
Kutengera
Ma protocol ndi miyezo yomwe ilipo, monga DHCP, DNS, ndi ma firewall, iyenera kusinthidwa kuti ithandizire IPv6. Izi nthawi zambiri zimafuna mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi ndi kuyesetsa kwamakampani.
Mapeto
IPv4 ndi IPv6 ndi maziko a intaneti yamakono. Ngakhale IPv4 yatumikira zosowa zathu bwino kwa zaka zambiri, malire ake a malo olumikizirana ndi kufunikira kowonjezera chitetezo, magwiridwe antchito, komanso kusinthasintha kwapangitsa kusintha kwa IPv6 kukhala kofunika kwambiri. IPv6, yokhala ndi malo ake olumikizirana ambiri, ubwino wautumiki wabwino, komanso magwiridwe antchito abwino, imapereka mayankho ku zovuta zamakono ndipo imalola kuti intaneti ipitirire kukula. Komabe, kusintha kwathunthu kudzafuna nthawi ndi khama logwirizana kuchokera kwa magulu angapo. Kukhazikitsa kwa ma stack awiri (IPv4 ndi IPv6 kukuyenda limodzi) ndi njira yodziwika bwino yolumikizirana, koma pamapeto pake, IPv6 idzakhala maziko a intaneti yamtsogolo.
