Momwe Mungasamalire Mapulojekiti a Mapulogalamu ndi Agile
Mu dziko la mapulogalamu lomwe likuyenda mofulumira, zosowa za ogwiritsa ntchito zimatha kusintha nthawi iliyonse, ukadaulo ukusintha nthawi zonse, ndipo kukakamizidwa kutulutsa zinthu mwachangu kukuchulukirachulukira. Apa ndi pomwe Agile yakhala njira yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, kutsindika kusinthasintha, mgwirizano, komanso kupereka phindu pang'onopang'ono. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza momwe mungayang'anire mapulojekiti a mapulogalamu ndi Agile muzochita—kuyambira mfundo zoyambira mpaka kuzikhazikitsa mkati mwa gulu.
1. Mvetsetsani Kodi Agile Ndi Chiyani Ndipo Chifukwa Chake Ndi Yofunika
Agile ndi njira yoyendetsera polojekiti ndi kupanga mapulogalamu yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri pakusintha kwafupipafupi, kupereka mayankho mwachangu, komanso kusintha kosalekeza. Mosiyana ndi njira zachikhalidwe, zomwe zimapanga mapulani akuluakulu pasadakhale kenako nkuwatsatira molunjika, Agile imavomereza mfundo yakuti kusintha ndi kwachilengedwe.
Mfundo zazikulu za Agile zimachokera ku Agile Manifesto, yomwe imagogomezera:
- Anthu ndi kuyanjana ndi anthu n'kofunika kwambiri kuposa njira ndi zida.
- Mapulogalamu ogwira ntchito ndi ofunikira kwambiri kuposa zolemba zambiri.
- Kugwirizana ndi makasitomala ndikofunikira kwambiri kuposa kukambirana za mgwirizano.
- Kuyankha kusintha n'kofunika kwambiri kuposa kutsatira dongosolo lokhazikika.
Ndi mfundo imeneyi, woyang'anira polojekiti kapena mtsogoleri wa gulu samangoyang'ana pa nthawi ndi kukula kwa ntchito, komanso amaonetsetsa kuti gululo likhoza kusintha pamene likupangabe zinthu zamtengo wapatali.
2. Sankhani Chimango Choyenera Chokhazikika
Agile si njira imodzi, koma ndi ambulera yayikulu yokhala ndi ma framework angapo. Awiri mwa otchuka kwambiri ndi awa:
Scrum
Scrum ndi yoyenera magulu omwe amagwira ntchito ndi zolinga zomveka bwino komanso kamvekedwe komveka bwino. Ntchito imagawidwa m'magulu obwerezabwereza otchedwa Sprints (nthawi zambiri milungu 1-2). Pali maudindo ndi miyambo yokonzedwa bwino monga Sprint Planning, Daily Scrum, Sprint Review, ndi Sprint Retrospective.
Kanban
Kanban ndi yoyenera ntchito zopitilira, monga magulu okonza kapena magulu omwe amalandira zopempha zambiri zadzidzidzi. Kanban ikugogomezera kuwona ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito ma board ndi kuchepetsa malire a ntchito yomwe ikuchitika (WIP).
Kusankha chimango kuyenera kusinthidwa kuti kugwirizane ndi mtundu wa polojekiti, chikhalidwe cha gulu, komanso kuchuluka kwa kusatsimikizika kwa zofunikira. Mabungwe ambiri amagwiritsanso ntchito njira zosakanikirana monga Scrumban (kuphatikiza kwa Scrum ndi Kanban).
3. Kumanga Gulu Logwira Ntchito Mogwira Mtima
Kupambana kwa Agile kumadalira kwambiri gulu. Mwachiyembekezo, gulu la Agile limagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti lili ndi kuthekera konse komaliza ntchito kuyambira pachiyambi mpaka kumapeto—mwachitsanzo, limaphatikizapo opanga mapulogalamu, QA, UI/UX, ndipo, ngati kuli kofunikira, oimira DevOps.
Mu Scrum, pali maudindo atatu akuluakulu:
– Mwiniwake wa Zogulitsa (PO): Amadziwa zofunikira kwambiri, amasamalira zinthu zomwe zatsala, ndikuonetsetsa kuti gulu likugwira ntchito pazinthu zofunika kwambiri.
– Scrum Master: Imathandizira njira ya Scrum, imachotsa zopinga, komanso imathandiza gulu kugwira ntchito bwino.
– Gulu Lopanga: Gulu lomwe limapanga chinthucho ndipo limayang'anira zotsatira za kuthamanga kwa sprint.
Mwachizolowezi, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri ndi kumveka bwino kwa maudindo ndi kulankhulana momasuka. Agile imapewa njira ya "kusinthana maudindo" pakati pa ntchito; m'malo mwake, magulu onse amagwira ntchito limodzi kuti apereke phindu.
4. Kusamalira Zotsalira za Zogulitsa: Kuchokera ku Malingaliro Kupita ku Ntchito
Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zatsala ndi mndandanda wa zinthu zofunika, kusintha, ndi ntchito zaukadaulo zomwe ziyenera kuchitika. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zatsala kuli ndi makhalidwe awa:
- Zinthu zalembedwa momveka bwino komanso momveka bwino kwa gululo.
- Zinthu zofunika kwambiri nthawi zonse zimasinthidwa kutengera mfundo za bizinesi.
- Pali tsatanetsatane wokwanira wa zinthu zomwe zidzagwiridwa ntchito nthawi yomweyo, pomwe zinthu zomwe zidzachitike mtsogolomu ndi zazifupi kwambiri.
Mtundu womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi Nkhani ya Ogwiritsa Ntchito, mwachitsanzo:
"Monga [mtundu wa wogwiritsa ntchito], ndikufuna [zosowa], kuti [zipindule]."
Kuphatikiza apo, phatikizani Zofunikira Zovomerezeka kuti gulu lidziwe tanthauzo la kupambana. Kusakhazikika bwino kumathandiza kuti zokambirana za gulu zikhale zolunjika kwambiri komanso kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kusalankhulana bwino.
5. Kukonzekera Masewera Othamanga: Kukhazikitsa Zolinga Zenizeni
Ngati mukugwiritsa ntchito Scrum, Sprint Planning ndi nthawi yofunika kwambiri yoti mugwirizane:
1. Cholinga cha Sprint: cholinga chachikulu cha sprint chomwe chimapereka phindu lenileni.
2. Sprint Scope: zinthu zomwe zili m'mbuyo zomwe zili mu sprint.
Kuti akwaniritse zolinga zenizeni, gululo liyenera kuganizira za kuthekera kwawo (monga tchuthi, misonkhano ikuluikulu, kapena ntchito yothandizira). Njira monga kukonzekera poker kapena kuyerekezera mfundo za nkhani zingakhale zothandiza, koma musatengeke ndi ziwerengero—cholinga chachikulu cha kuyerekezera ndikumanga kumvetsetsana, osati kulosera kwangwiro.
6. Kugwira Ntchito Tsiku ndi Tsiku: Kuyimirira Tsiku ndi Tsiku ndi Kuwonekera Patsogolo
Agile imafuna kamvekedwe kolumikizana kosalekeza. Masewera olimbitsa thupi a tsiku ndi tsiku (mphindi 15 zokha) amachitika kuti gulu ligwirizane. Nthawi zambiri amakambirana:
– Munachita chiyani dzulo?
– Kodi chidzachitike n’chiyani lero?
- Ndi zovuta ziti zomwe mudakumana nazo?
Chofunika kwambiri ndi kuwonekera poyera. Zopinga ziyenera kuonekera nthawi yomweyo kuti zithetsedwe mwachangu. Komabe, kuyimirira si malo okambirana kwa nthawi yayitali; ngati pali nkhani zakuya zaukadaulo, pitirizani ndi kukambirana kwina pambuyo pa kuyimirira.
7. Kusunga Ubwino: Tanthauzo la Machitidwe Ochitidwa ndi Uinjiniya
Kusinthasintha sikutanthauza liwiro koma khalidwe silikufanana ndi khalidwe. Ndipotu, kuti kubwerezabwereza kukhale kokhazikika, khalidwe liyenera kusungidwa kuyambira pachiyambi. Gwiritsani ntchito:
– Tanthauzo la Kutha (DoD): njira zodziwira ngati chinthu chili chodzazadi. Mwachitsanzo: khodi yowunikidwanso, kuyesedwa kwa gawo, kumalizidwa kwa QA, kulembedwa, ndikukonzekera kutulutsidwa.
- Kuphatikiza Kosalekeza/Kutumiza Kosalekeza (CI/CD): kupanga zokha, kuyesa, ndi kuyika kuti zitulutsidwe motetezeka.
- Kuwunikanso ndi kuyesa ma code: kusunga bata la makina kuchokera ku kusintha kwachangu.
Popanda miyezo monga DoD, magulu amatha kulephera kugwira ntchito "zosakwanira" zomwe zimadzaza ndi ngongole zaukadaulo.
8. Ndemanga ya Sprint: Tsimikizirani Makhalidwe ndi Omwe Akugwira Ntchito
Pamapeto pa mpikisano wothamanga, gulu limasonyeza ntchito yake kwa omwe akukhudzidwa. Cholinga chake si kungopereka lipoti, komanso kusonkhanitsa ndemanga. Ndi ndemanga zokhazikika, omwe akukhudzidwawo amamva kuti akutenga nawo mbali, ndipo gululo likhoza kutsimikizira kuti malondawo akusintha malinga ndi zosowa zenizeni.
Ngati pali kusintha kwa njira, Agile imalola kusintha mwachangu zomwe zatsala. Izi ndizotetezeka kuposa kusintha njira kumapeto kwa polojekiti yayikulu.
9. Kubwerera M'mbuyo: Kusintha Kosalekeza Kwenikweni
Kuyang'ana m'mbuyo ndi gawo lowunikira momwe gululo linagwirira ntchito: zomwe zayenda bwino, zomwe zikufunika kukonzedwa, ndi zomwe zidzachitike mu mpikisano wotsatira.
Kotero kuti kalembedwe kameneka sikakhala chizolowezi chopanda kanthu:
- Sankhani njira 1-2 zomveka bwino komanso zoyezeka zowongolera.
- Sankhani munthu amene ali ndi udindo.
- Onaninso zomwe zachitika pa retro yotsatira.
Kusintha pang'ono koma kosalekeza nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu mkati mwa miyezi ingapo.
10. Yesani Kupita Patsogolo kwa Agile ndi Ziwerengero Zathanzi
Agile imaika patsogolo kufunika, osati zochita zokha. Komabe, miyezo ikadali yofunika kwambiri potsogolera zisankho. Miyeso ina yodziwika bwino:
- Liwiro: kuchuluka kwa ntchito yomwe yachitika pa sprint iliyonse (yokonzekera mkati).
- Nthawi yotsogolera ndi nthawi yozungulira: momwe lingaliro limakhalira lokonzeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu.
- Tchati cha Kuwonongeka: chimayang'anira ntchito yotsala mu sprint.
- Chiŵerengero chabwino cha zolakwika: chimayesa ubwino ndi kukhazikika.
Pewani kugwiritsa ntchito miyeso ngati chida cholangira anthu. Miyeso iyenera kuthandiza magulu kuphunzira ndikuwongolera njira.
11. Mavuto Ofala ndi Momwe Mungawathetsere
Mavuto ena pokhazikitsa Agile:
– Kuchuluka kwa zinthu: kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe akusowa ntchito kukupitirirabe kukula popanda zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Yankho: Woyang'anira ntchito ayenera kukhala womveka bwino pa zinthu zofunika kwambiri, ndipo okhudzidwa ayenera kumvetsetsa kusiyana kwa zinthu.
– Kusowa mgwirizano: magulu akugawikana. Yankho: misonkhano yokhazikika, kulankhulana momasuka, ndi zolinga zomveka bwino za kuthamanga.
- Agile ndi "mwambo chabe": misonkhano ilipo, koma ilibe mphamvu. Yankho: kuyang'ana kwambiri pa zotsatira, kukonza DoD, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zochitika zakale zimabweretsa zochitika zenizeni.
- Ngongole zaukadaulo zikuchulukirachulukira: kutulutsidwa mwachangu koma pali zolakwika zambiri. Yankho: kuyika ndalama mu kuyesa, kukonzanso zinthu nthawi, ndi CI/CD.
Mapeto
Kuyang'anira mapulojekiti a mapulogalamu ndi Agile kumatanthauza kumanga luso la gulu loti lizisintha popanda kutaya njira. Chofunika kwambiri ndi kusamalidwa bwino, kubwerezabwereza kosalekeza, kugwirizana kwambiri ndi omwe akukhudzidwa, komanso kudzipereka koyenera pa khalidwe labwino. Agile sikutsimikizira mapulojekiti opanda mavuto, koma imapereka njira yodziwira mavuto mwachangu ndikuthetsa msanga. Ndi kukhazikitsidwa koyenera—osati mwambo chabe—Agile imathandiza magulu kutulutsa mapulogalamu oyenera komanso apamwamba omwe amasintha nthawi zonse kuti akwaniritse zosowa za ogwiritsa ntchito.
Ngati mukufuna, ndingakuthandizeni kupanga mtundu wapadera wogwirizana ndi zosowa zanu (monga Agile ya magulu ang'onoang'ono a anthu 3-5, ya makampani atsopano, kapena mapulojekiti amakampani), kuphatikizapo zitsanzo za ma tempuleti obwerera m'mbuyo, ma DoD, ndi mapangidwe a sprint a masabata awiri.
