Mutu: Kapangidwe ka Maselo
Mu biology, maselo ndi mayunitsi ofunikira kwambiri pa moyo. Popeza ndi mayunitsi ang'onoang'ono omwe amatha kuchita ntchito za moyo, maselo amapanga zamoyo zonse, kuyambira zamoyo zamtundu umodzi monga mabakiteriya mpaka zamoyo zamitundu yambiri monga zomera, nyama, ndi anthu. Kumvetsetsa kapangidwe ka maselo ndikofunikira kuti timvetsetse momwe zamoyo zimagwirira ntchito, kukula, komanso kuyanjana ndi malo awo. M'nkhaniyi, tifufuza zigawo zazikulu zomwe zimapanga maselo ndi momwe gawo lililonse limathandizira pa ntchito yonse ya selo.
1. Kakhungu ka Selo
Nembanemba ya selo, kapena nembanemba ya plasma, ndi kapangidwe kakunja komwe kamaphimba zomwe zili mkati mwa selo. Yopangidwa ndi zigawo ziwiri za lipids ndi mapuloteni, nembanemba ya selo imakhala ngati chotchinga chosankha chomwe chimayang'anira kulowa ndi kutuluka kwa zinthu. Mamolekyu a lipid, makamaka ma phospholipids, amapanga zigawo ziwiri ndi michira yawo yosagwirizana ndi madzi ikuyang'anizana ndipo mitu yawo yosakanikirana ndi madzi ikuyang'ana kunja ndi kulowa mu selo. Mapuloteni omwe ali mu nembanemba amagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kunyamula mamolekyu, kuzindikira zizindikiro, ndi kusamalira kapangidwe ka selo.
2. Saitoplazimu
Mkati mwa nembanemba ya selo muli cytoplasm, chinthu chonga gel chomwe ma organelle onse a selo amaikidwamo. Cytoplasm imakhala ndi cytosol, madzi okhala ndi madzi, mchere, ndi mamolekyu achilengedwe. Imagwiranso ntchito ngati njira yopangira ma chemical reactions ndipo imapereka chimango chothandizira selo.
3. Chitoliro
Chitolirochi ndi malo olamulira a selo, omwe ali ndi zinthu za majini monga DNA. Chozunguliridwa ndi nembanemba iwiri yotchedwa nuclear envelope, chitolirochi chimawongolera kukula kwa maselo, kagayidwe kake, ndi kugawikana mwa kusintha momwe majini amagwirira ntchito. Mkati mwa chitolirochi muli nucleolus, komwe kusonkhana kwa ribosome kumachitika.
4. Ma Ribosome
Ma Ribosome ndi ma complexes a mapuloteni ndi RNA omwe amachititsa kuti mapuloteni apangidwe. Amapezeka akuyandama momasuka mu cytoplasm kapena atalumikizidwa ku rough endoplasmic reticulum. Ma Ribosome amamasulira malangizo a majini kuchokera ku RNA kukhala ma polypeptide chains, omwe kenako amapindidwa kukhala mapuloteni ogwira ntchito.
5. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Endoplasmic reticulum ndi netiweki ya nembanemba yosalala komanso yolimba yomwe imapezeka mu cytoplasm yonse. Pali mitundu iwiri ya ER: rough ER, yomwe ili ndi ribosomes pamwamba pake ndipo imagwira ntchito popanga mapuloteni, ndi smooth ER, yomwe imagwira ntchito popanga mafuta ndi kuchotsa poizoni m'thupi.
6. Chida cha Golgi
Chida cha Golgi ndi organelle yokhala ndi matumba ambiri a nembranous. Ntchito zake zikuphatikizapo kusintha, kulongedza, ndi kugawa mapuloteni ndi mafuta opangidwa ndi endoplasmic reticulum. Chida cha Golgi chimapanganso ma vesicles omwe amatha kunyamula mamolekyu kupita kumalo awo omaliza mkati kapena kunja kwa selo.
7. Mitochondria
Mitochondria, yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi "malo amphamvu a selo," ndi ma organelle omwe amapanga adenosine triphosphate (ATP), yomwe ndi gwero lalikulu la mphamvu ya maselo. Pogwiritsa ntchito mpweya ndi shuga kudzera mu kupuma kwa maselo, mitochondria imapanga mphamvu yofunikira pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana za maselo.
8. Lysosomes
Ma Lysosome ndi ma vesicle okhala ndi ma enzymes ogaya chakudya. Chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa zinyalala zamaselo, ma lysosome amathandiza kubwezeretsanso zigawo za maselo zomwe zawonongeka kapena zomwe sizikufunikiranso ndipo amachita gawo lofunikira pakusunga homeostasis yamaselo.
9. Chigoba cha Cytoskeleton
Chigoba cha cytoskeleton chimakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tapakati, ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono, zomwe zimathandiza kuti kapangidwe kake kakhale kolimba komanso kusunga mawonekedwe a selo. Chimagwiranso ntchito ponyamula ma vesicles ndi organelles ndipo chimalola kuti maselo aziyenda.
10. Peroxisomes
Peroxisomes ndi ma organelles omwe ali ndi ma enzyme omwe amaswa mafuta acid ndikuchotsa poizoni, makamaka ma peroxide owopsa, mwa kupanga madzi ndi mpweya. Ntchito imeneyi ndi yofunika kwambiri poteteza maselo ku kuwonongeka kwa okosijeni.
11. Vacuole
Mu zomera, ma vacuole akuluakulu amagwira ntchito monga kusunga michere ndi zinyalala, kuwongolera kuthamanga kwa turgor kuti maselo azikhala bwino, komanso kuthandizira kupewa kuwonongeka ndi zinthu zovulaza. Ma vacuole amapezekanso m'mitundu yaying'ono m'maselo a nyama, zomwe zimathandiza kusunga ndi kunyamula.
12. Ma chloroplast
Ma chloroplast amapezeka m'maselo a zomera ndi ena opanga photosynthesis. Pokhala ndi chlorophyll wobiriwira, ma chloroplast ndi omwe amachititsa photosynthesis, njira yomwe imasintha mphamvu ya kuwala kuchokera ku dzuwa kukhala mphamvu ya mankhwala mu mawonekedwe a shuga, pomwe imapanga mpweya ngati chinthu china.
Mwachidule, gawo lililonse la selo lili ndi ntchito yapadera koma yothandizana pakusunga selo kukhala lamoyo, kubereka, ndi kuchita ntchito zake zamoyo. Kuyambira pa nembanemba ya selo yoteteza komanso yolamulira mpaka mitochondria yopanga mphamvu, kuphatikizana kumeneku kwa zinthu zovuta komanso kokonzedwa bwino kumapangitsa moyo monga momwe tikudziwira. Kumvetsetsa bwino kapangidwe ka maselo sikuti kokha ndikofunikira mu sayansi ya zamoyo komanso kumatsegula njira yopangira zatsopano mu zamankhwala, sayansi ya zamoyo, ndi madera ena omwe amakhudza thanzi la anthu ndi chitukuko.
