Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ma Inorganic Compounds M'moyo
Mankhwala osapangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe ndi gulu la mankhwala omwe nthawi zambiri sapangidwa ndi mafupa a kaboni monga mankhwala achilengedwe. Amaphatikizapo mchere, ma acid, maziko, ma oxide, mchere, ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana achitsulo ndi osapangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe. Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri amamveka ngati "osavuta" kuposa mankhwala achilengedwe, mankhwala osapangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe amachita gawo lalikulu komanso lofunikira: kuyambira madzi omwe timamwa ndi feteleza omwe amalima zomera mpaka zipangizo zomangira ndi ukadaulo wamakono wamagetsi. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osapangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe m'mbali zosiyanasiyana za moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, thanzi, mafakitale, ndi chilengedwe.
1. Zinthu zosapangidwa ndi chilengedwe zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa anthu
Zosowa zofunika kwambiri za anthu—madzi ndi mchere—ndi zitsanzo za zinthu zopanda chilengedwe zomwe zili pafupi kwambiri ndi moyo. Madzi (H₂O) amagwira ntchito ngati chosungunulira chachikulu cha thupi, chosungira zakudya, chowongolera kutentha, komanso chothandizira zochita za biochemical. Popanda madzi, ntchito zamaselo sizingagwire ntchito bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, mchere wa tebulo, sodium chloride (NaCl), umafunika kuti madzi azikhala bwino m'thupi ndikuthandizira ntchito ya mitsempha ndi minofu. Ngakhale kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kuyenera kukhala kochepa, NaCl ndi electrolyte yofunika kwambiri yomwe imathandiza kusunga kuthamanga kwa osmotic ndi kutumiza kwa mitsempha.
Kuwonjezera pa NaCl, thupi limafunikanso michere ina yopanda organic mu kuchuluka kochepa koma kofunikira, monga calcium (nthawi zambiri mu mawonekedwe a mankhwala ndi ma ayoni Ca²⁺), phosphate (PO₄³⁻), magnesium (Mg²⁺), ndi potassium (K⁺). Calcium ndi phosphate zimapanga kapangidwe ka mafupa ndi mano (mwachitsanzo, mu mawonekedwe a hydroxyapatite, Ca₅(PO₄)₃OH). Magnesium ndi yofunikira pa ntchito ya enzyme ndi minofu, pomwe potaziyamu imagwira ntchito pamagetsi a maselo.
2. Udindo wa mankhwala osapangidwa m'thupi m'magawo azaumoyo ndi mankhwala
Mu gawo lazaumoyo, mankhwala osapangidwa ndi organic amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mankhwala, zowonjezera, komanso zida zamankhwala. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo mankhwala opangidwa ndi mtsempha monga 0,9% NaCl (saline) kuti asunge kuchuluka kwa madzi m'thupi ndikuthandizira kubwezeretsanso madzi m'thupi. Mankhwala oletsa asidi, monga magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂), aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)₃), kapena calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochepetsa asidi m'mimba. Mankhwalawa ndi othandiza kwa anthu omwe ali ndi gastritis kapena matenda ena am'mimba.
Mu mano, mankhwala a fluoride monga sodium fluoride (NaF) kapena stannous fluoride (SnF₂) amapezeka mu mano otsukira mano kuti athandize kulimbitsa enamel ndikuletsa kuonda. Fluoride imagwira ntchito powonjezera kukana kwa enamel ku asidi ndikuthandiza kubwezeretsa mchere.
Mankhwala osapangidwa amapezekanso mu mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mwachitsanzo, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeretsa mabala (m'magulu enaake) chifukwa imatha kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kudzera mu mphamvu zake zopangitsa kuti maselo awonongeke. M'zipatala, mankhwala okhala ndi chlorine ndi chlorine amagwiritsidwanso ntchito poyeretsa komanso kuyeretsa chilengedwe.
3. Mankhwala osapangidwa ndi organic mu ulimi ndi chitetezo cha chakudya
Ulimi wamakono umadalira kwambiri feteleza zosapangidwa ndi organic kuti uwonjezere zokolola. Zakudya zazikulu za zomera zimadziwika kuti NPK: nayitrogeni (N), phosphorous (P), ndi potaziyamu (K). Zinthu monga ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃), urea (ngakhale kuti zimagawidwa ngati zachilengedwe, ntchito zawo nthawi zambiri zimakambidwa pamodzi), ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂SO₄), superphosphate (feteleza yochokera ku phosphate), ndi potassium chloride (KCl) zimathandiza kwambiri pakukweza chonde m'nthaka.
Phosphate imathandizira kukula kwa mizu ndi kupanga maluwa ndi zipatso. Potaziyamu imawonjezera kukana kwa zomera ku kupsinjika ndi matenda, pomwe nayitrogeni imalimbikitsa kukula kwa zomera, monga masamba ndi tsinde. Popanda michere iyi, zokolola za mbewu zidzachepa ndipo chitetezo cha chakudya chingawonongeke. Komabe, feteleza wosapangidwa ndi organic ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamlingo woyenera kuti apewe kuipitsidwa kwa madzi kudzera mu eutrophication kapena kuwonongeka kwa kapangidwe ka nthaka.
Kuwonjezera pa feteleza, mankhwala ena osapangidwa ndi organic amagwira ntchito ngati zinthu zochepetsera nthaka. Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) kapena dolomite (yomwe ili ndi CaCO₃ ndi MgCO₃) imagwiritsidwa ntchito kukweza pH ya nthaka yokhala ndi asidi wambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zomera zizitha kuyamwa michere mosavuta komanso kuwonjezera ntchito ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'nthaka.
4. Zipangizo zomangira ndi zomangamanga
Zipangizo zambiri zomangira zimakhala ndi zinthu zopanda organic. Mwachitsanzo, simenti ndi konkriti zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zovuta zosakaniza za calcium silicate, calcium aluminate, ndi zinthu zina za mchere. Simenti ikakumana ndi madzi, madzi amayamba kulowa m'thupi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa nyumba, milatho, misewu, ndi nyumba zazitali.
Galasi ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chosapangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe. Nthawi zambiri chimapangidwa kuchokera ku silica (SiO₂) yosakanikirana ndi sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) ndi calcium carbonate (CaCO₃). Galasi imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mawindo, m'mabotolo, m'zida zamagetsi, komanso m'ma ulusi wa kuwala pakulankhulana.
Zitsanzo zina ndi zinthu zadothi ndi zadothi. Zipangizozi zimapangidwa kuchokera ku mchere wa silicate ndi zitsulo zouma, zomwe zimayatsidwa kutentha kwambiri kuti zikhale zolimba, zosatentha, komanso zosagwira dzimbiri. Ntchito zawo zimaphatikizapo mbale za patebulo, matailosi, zotetezera magetsi, komanso zipangizo zamafakitale.
5. Mphamvu, ukadaulo ndi mafakitale amakono
Mu gawo la mphamvu, mankhwala osapangidwa m'chilengedwe amagwira ntchito m'mabatire, ma solar panels, ndi machitidwe osungira mphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, mabatire a lithiamu-ion amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osapangidwa m'chilengedwe ngati ma cathode, monga lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂), lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄), kapena zinthu zopangidwa ndi nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC). Ma electrolyte ndi mchere wina wa lithiamu amathandiza kuyendetsa ma ayoni kuti apange magetsi.
Mu ma solar panels, zinthu zopangidwa ndi semiconductor monga silicon (yochokera ku silica) ndi zinthu zina zopanda chilengedwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha mphamvu ya kuwala kukhala magetsi. Kuphatikiza apo, makampani amagetsi amafuna ma inorganic oxides ndi nitrides osiyanasiyana monga zotetezera, zowongolera, kapena zigawo zoteteza, monga silicon dioxide (SiO₂) ngati chotetezera mu ma chips.
Mu makampani opanga mankhwala, mankhwala ambiri osapangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri zopangira. Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) imadziwika kuti ndi "mfumu ya mankhwala" chifukwa imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga feteleza, kuyeretsa mafuta, kuyeretsa zitsulo, komanso kupanga mankhwala ena osiyanasiyana. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga sopo, mapepala, nsalu, komanso pochiza madzi. Ammonia (NH₃) imagwira ntchito yayikulu popanga feteleza wa nayitrogeni ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana opangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zina.
6. Kusamalira madzi ndi kuteteza chilengedwe
Madzi oyera sangalekanitsidwe ndi thandizo la mankhwala osapangidwa. Mankhwala a chlorine (Cl₂) kapena hypochlorite amagwiritsidwa ntchito popha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'madzi akumwa chifukwa amathandiza kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Kuti madzi amveke bwino, alum (aluminium sulfate, Al₂(SO₄)₃) nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati coagulant, zomwe zimathandiza kukhazikika kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Kuphatikiza apo, laimu (Ca(OH)₂) ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuletsa madzi okhala ndi asidi wambiri komanso kuthandiza pochiza madzi otayidwa.
Poletsa kuipitsa, mankhwala angapo osapangidwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zokometsera ndi zokometsera. Mpweya wopangidwa (ngakhale kuti umachokera ku kaboni, nthawi zambiri umakambidwa pankhani ya zinthu) ndi zeolites (aluminosilicates) zimatha kukometsera zinthu zina zoipitsa. Mu magalimoto, zokometsera zopangidwa ndi zitsulo (monga platinamu, palladium, rhodium) zimathandiza kuchepetsa mpweya woipa mwa kusintha CO, NOx, ndi ma hydrocarbon kukhala zinthu zotetezeka.
7. Zinthu zapakhomo ndi zofunikira za tsiku ndi tsiku
Zinthu zambiri m'nyumba zimakhala ndi zinthu zopanda organic. Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃)) imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chofufumitsa chakudya, chotsukira pang'ono, komanso choletsa fungo loipa. Bleach nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chinthu champhamvu chowonjezera oksidi chomwe chimachotsa mabala ndi kupha majeremusi. Komabe, muyenera kusamala mukamagwiritsa ntchito kuti mupewe kuwononga nsalu kapena kupuma mpweya wambiri.
Zotsukira zamasiku ano nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zinthu zomangira monga sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) kuti ziwongolere kuyeretsa bwino, makamaka m'madzi olimba. Pakadali pano, utoto, utoto, ndi zodzoladzola zimatha kukhala ndi zitsulo monga titanium dioxide (TiO₂), zomwe zimagwira ntchito ngati zoyeretsera komanso kuteteza UV.
Mapeto
Mankhwala osapangidwa ndi organic ndi zinthu zambiri osati zinthu "zopanda carbon" zomwe zimaphunziridwa m'kalasi la chemistry, koma ndi maziko ofunikira omwe amachirikiza moyo wamakono. Amapezeka m'madzi ndi mchere wa thupi, amathandizira thanzi kudzera mu mankhwala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, amawonjezera zokolola zaulimi, amapanga zipangizo zomangira, ukadaulo wamagetsi, komanso amasunga madzi ndi chilengedwe kukhala abwino. Ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osapangidwa ndi organic kumapereka maubwino ambiri, amafunikirabe kugwiritsa ntchito mwanzeru, motetezeka, komanso mosalekeza kuti achepetse zotsatira zoyipa pa thanzi ndi chilengedwe. Ndi kumvetsetsa koyenera, mankhwala osapangidwa ndi organic apitiliza kukhala gawo lofunikira pakupanga zinthu zatsopano komanso kukonza moyo wa anthu.
