Momwe Mungalekanitsire Zosakaniza
Kusakaniza ndi kuphatikiza kwa zinthu ziwiri kapena zingapo zomwe sizimalumikizidwa ndi mankhwala. Zosakaniza zimatha kukhala ndi zinthu zolimba, zamadzimadzi, mpweya, kapena kuphatikiza zitatuzi. Njira yolekanitsira zosakaniza ndi yofunika kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo chemistry, mankhwala, petrochemicals, ndi kukonza chakudya. Kulekanitsa zosakaniza kumatithandiza kupeza zinthu zoyera zomwe zimafunikira pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana.
Njira zosiyanasiyana zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kulekanitsa zosakaniza, kutengera momwe zinthu zomwe zili mu zosakaniza zilili komanso momwe zimagwirira ntchito. Nkhaniyi ikambirana njira zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri polekanitsa zosakaniza, kuphatikizapo kusefa, kusungunula, chromatography, centrifugation, kuchotsa, ndi sublimation.
1. Kusefa
Kusefa ndi njira yolekanitsira zosakaniza kutengera kusiyana kwa kukula kwa tinthu. Njira imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kulekanitsa zosakaniza zokhala ndi zinthu zolimba ndi zamadzimadzi. Mwachitsanzo, kulekanitsa mchenga ndi madzi.
Njira Yosefera:
– Kukonzekera Zipangizo: Konzani zida zosefera monga funnel ndi pepala losefera.
– Kagwiritsidwe Ntchito ka Zipangizo: Thirani chisakanizocho mu funnel yokhala ndi pepala losefera. Madziwo adzadutsa mu pepala losefera, pomwe tinthu tolimba tidzatsala.
– Zotsatira: Filtrate ndi madzi omwe alekanitsidwa ndi tinthu tolimba.
Zitsanzo za Kugwiritsa Ntchito:
- Kuyeretsa madzi akumwa ku zinthu zodetsa.
- Kulekanitsidwa kwa ma precipitates mu zochita za mankhwala.
2. Kusungunula
Kusakaniza ndi njira yolekanitsira zosakaniza kutengera kusiyana kwa kutentha kwa zigawo zomwe zili mu chisakanizocho. Njira iyi ndi yothandiza kwambiri polekanitsa zosakaniza zomwe zimakhala ndi madzi awiri kapena kuposerapo omwe amasakanikirana.
Njira Yothira Madzi:
– Kutentha Chosakaniza: Tenthetsani chosakanizacho mpaka chinthu chomwe chili ndi malo otsika kwambiri chiyambe kuphwanyika.
– Mpweya wozizira: Nthunzi yomwe imapangidwa imaziziritsidwa mu condenser kuti isinthe kukhala madzi.
– Kusonkhanitsa Zotsatira: Sungani madzi oyeretsera (oyeretsera) mu chidebe china.
Zitsanzo za Kugwiritsa Ntchito:
- Kulekanitsa mowa ndi madzi m'makampani opanga mowa.
- Kukonza mafuta osakonzedwa kukhala mafuta ndi zinthu zina.
3. Kujambula kwa Chromatography
Chromatography ndi njira yolekanitsira zosakaniza kutengera kusiyana kwa liwiro la kusamuka kwa zigawo kudzera mu njira inayake. Njira imeneyi nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza mankhwala kuti ilekanitse ndi kuzindikira zigawo mu zosakaniza zovuta.
Njira ya Chromatography:
– Kukonzekera Gawo Loyenda ndi Gawo Lokhazikika: Gawo loyenda (nthawi zambiri lamadzimadzi kapena gasi) limanyamula chisakanizocho kudzera mu gawo lokhazikika (nthawi zambiri lolimba kapena lamadzimadzi).
– Jakisoni wa Chitsanzo: Chosakaniza chomwe chiyenera kulekanitsidwa chimalowetsedwa mu gawo loyenda.
– Kulekanitsa Zigawo: Zigawo za chisakanizocho zimasuntha kudutsa mu gawo losasunthika pamlingo wosiyana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zilekanitsidwe.
- Kuzindikira ndi Kuzindikira: Zigawo zosiyana zimazindikirika ndikuzindikirika.
Zitsanzo za Kugwiritsa Ntchito:
- Kulekanitsa utoto mu inki.
- Kuzindikira mankhwala m'zitsanzo zachilengedwe.
4. Kutsegula centrifugation
Kugawa madzi m'magawo ndi njira yolekanitsira zosakaniza kutengera kusiyana kwa kuchuluka kwa zigawo. Njirayi imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya centrifugal kuti ifulumizitse kulekanitsa tinthu tolimba kuchokera ku zakumwa kapena zosakaniza zamadzimadzi osiyanasiyana.
Njira Yogwiritsira Ntchito Pakati:
– Kukonzekera Chitsanzo: Ikani chisakanizocho mu chubu cha centrifuge.
– Kuzungulira chubu: Kuzungulira chubucho ndi liwiro lalikulu pogwiritsa ntchito centrifuge.
– Kulekanitsa Zigawo: Tinthu tolimba kapena zigawo zolimba kwambiri zimaponyedwa kunja kwa chubu, ndikupanga wosanjikiza kapena precipitate.
Zitsanzo za Kugwiritsa Ntchito:
- Kulekanitsa maselo a magazi ndi plasma mu labotale yachipatala.
- Kuyeretsa mapuloteni mu kafukufuku wa biochemical.
5. Kuchotsa
Kuchotsa ndi njira yolekanitsira zinthu kutengera kusiyana kwa kusungunuka kwa zinthu zomwe zili mu chosungunulira china. Njira imeneyi nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito kulekanitsa zinthu zomwe zimasungunuka ndi zomwe sizisungunuka kapena zosakaniza zomwe zimakhala ndi kusungunuka kosiyanasiyana.
Njira Yochotsera:
- Kuwonjezera Zosungunulira: Onjezani zosungunulira zomwe zimatha kusungunulira gawo lomwe mukufuna.
– Kusakaniza: Sakanizani mpaka zinthu zomwe mukufuna zitasungunuka mu chosungunulira.
– Kuyeretsa: Siyanitsani chosungunulira chomwe chili ndi gawo lomwe mukufuna kuchokera ku zigawo zosasungunuka.
Zitsanzo za Kugwiritsa Ntchito:
- Kutulutsa caffeine kuchokera ku nyemba za khofi.
- Kulekanitsa mafuta ofunikira ndi zomera.
6. Kuchepetsa mphamvu ya sublimation
Sublimation ndi njira yolekanitsira zosakaniza kutengera kusiyana kwa mphamvu ya zigawo kuti zisinthe mwachindunji kuchokera ku gawo lolimba kupita ku gawo la mpweya popanda kudutsa mu gawo lamadzimadzi. Njira iyi ndi yoyenera kulekanitsa zinthu zolimba zomwe zimasungunuka kuchokera ku zinthu zodetsa zomwe sizisungunuka.
Njira Yoperekera Madzi:
– Kutenthetsa Chosakaniza: Tenthetsani chosakanizacho mpaka zinthu zomwe zili pansi pa nthaka zisanduke mpweya.
– Kuziziritsa kwa Nthunzi: Nthunzi yopangidwa imaziziritsidwa kotero kuti imapangidwanso kukhala yolimba, yosiyana ndi zigawo zina.
Zitsanzo za Kugwiritsa Ntchito:
- Kuyeretsa ayodini wolimba.
- Kulekanitsa naphthalene ndi chisakanizo cha zinthu zolimba.
7. Kudula
Kuchotsa madzi m'madzi ndi njira yosavuta yolekanitsira madzi osakaniza olimba kapena madzi awiri osasakanikirana kutengera kusiyana kwawo mu kuchulukana. Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pamene tinthu tolimba tili tolemera kuposa madzi ndipo timakhazikika mwachangu.
Njira Yochotsera Madzi Oipa:
– Kutulutsa dothi: Lolani chisakanizocho chiyime mpaka tinthu tolimba titakhazikika pansi pa chidebecho.
– Kutulutsa Madzi: Thirani kapena kupopera madziwo kuchokera pamwamba pa matopewo mu chidebe china.
Zitsanzo za Kugwiritsa Ntchito:
- Kulekanitsa mafuta ndi madzi.
- Kutulutsa matope kuchokera m'madzi a mtsinje.
Mapeto
Kusankha njira yolekanitsira kusakaniza kumadalira momwe zinthu zilili komanso momwe zimakhalira mu chisakanizocho. Kusefa ndi kuchotsa zinthu m'madzi nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito posakaniza zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi kusiyana kwa kukula kwa tinthu kapena kuchuluka kwa tinthu. Kusungunula ndi kusungunula zinthu m'madzi kumagwiritsa ntchito kusiyana kwa malo otentha kapena kuthekera kosungunula zinthu m'madzi. Chromatography ndi centrifugation ndizovuta kwambiri ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza ndi kuyeretsa zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito microscale. Kuchotsa zinthu ndi njira yothandiza kwambiri yogwiritsira ntchito kusiyana kwa kusungunuka. Kumvetsetsa ndikudziwa bwino njira zosiyanasiyana zosungunula zinthu m'madzi ndizofunikira kwambiri pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana zasayansi ndi mafakitale.
