Njira Zothandiza Zochitira Kusanthula Mtengo
Kusanthula mtengo ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yopangira zisankho, kaya ndi mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono, mapulojekiti aboma, kapena zosowa zaumwini monga kukonzanso nyumba. Ndi kusanthula mtengo koyenera, titha kumvetsetsa komwe ndalama zikupita, kuwunika ngati ntchitoyo ndi yotheka, ndikupeza njira zochepetsera kuwononga popanda kuwononga khalidwe. Tsoka ilo, anthu ambiri amachita kusanthula mtengo ngati "kuyerekezera," zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zotsatira zokondera komanso zosokeretsa. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza njira zothandiza zochitira kusanthula mtengo mwanjira yolongosoka, yothandiza, komanso yothandiza m'malo osiyanasiyana.
1. Kumvetsetsa cholinga cha kusanthula mtengo
Gawo loyamba ndikufotokozera bwino cholinga. Kusanthula mtengo kungachitike pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana: kudziwa mitengo yogulitsa, kuwunika kuthekera kwa polojekiti, kuyerekeza ogulitsa, kukonzekera bajeti ya pachaka, kapena kuwunika momwe ntchito ikuyendera bwino. Cholinga chomveka bwino chidzatsimikizira deta yomwe iyenera kusonkhanitsidwa komanso njira zoyenera kwambiri.
Mwachitsanzo, ngati cholinga chanu ndi kudziwa mtengo wogulitsa wa chinthu, cholinga chachikulu ndi mtengo wopangira chinthu ndi phindu lomwe mukufuna. Komabe, ngati cholinga chanu ndikuwunika kuthekera kwa polojekiti, muyenera kuyerekeza ndalama zonse ndi phindu (zachuma komanso zosakhala zachuma) panthawi inayake.
2. Fotokozani kukula ndi malingaliro kuyambira pachiyambi
Kusanthula mtengo nthawi zonse kumadalira kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kusanthula mtengo kumaphatikizapo zomwe zimawerengedwa ngati mtengo, nthawi, ndi malire omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito. Popanda kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito, kusanthulaku kungakhale kwakukulu kapena kopapatiza, kunyalanyaza ndalama zofunika.
Kuwonjezera pa zomwe mukuganiza, lembani zomwe mukuganiza. Mwachitsanzo: kukwera kwa mitengo, kusinthana kwa ndalama, kukwera kwa malipiro pachaka, mphamvu zopangira, maola ogwirira ntchito, ndi zochitika zokwera mitengo ya zinthu zopangira. Kulemba zomwe mukuganiza kumapangitsa kuti kusanthula kwanu kukhale kowonekera bwino komanso kosavuta kuwunika. Zinthu zikasintha, mutha kusintha ziwerengero popanda kuyambira pachiyambi.
3. Dziwani mitundu yonse ya ndalama
Kuti muwunike bwino, muyenera kumvetsetsa magulu a ndalama. Nazi mitundu yodziwika bwino ya ndalama:
a. Ndalama zolipirira mwachindunji
Ndalama zokhudzana mwachindunji ndi chinthu kapena polojekiti, mwachitsanzo zipangizo zopangira, malipiro a ogwira ntchito, zigawo zake, kapena ndalama zotumizira pa unit iliyonse ya chinthucho.
b. Ndalama zosalunjika (zowonjezera)
Ndalama zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi chinthu china koma zomwe zimafunikabe, monga lendi ya ofesi, magetsi, intaneti, malipiro oyang'anira, ndi ndalama zokonzera.
c. Ndalama zosasinthika
Ndalama zomwe sizikusintha kwenikweni poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito zomwe zachitika panthawi inayake, mwachitsanzo lendi, inshuwaransi, malipiro okhazikika a antchito.
d. Ndalama zosinthika
Mitengo yomwe imasintha malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu, monga zipangizo zopangira, ma komishoni ogulitsa, ndalama zogulitsira pa chinthu chilichonse.
e. Ndalama zosinthasintha pang'ono
Mitengo yomwe ili ndi zinthu zokhazikika komanso zosinthasintha, mwachitsanzo magetsi (pali ndalama zochepa zomwe zimawonjezeka kutengera momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito).
f. Mtengo wa mwayi
Kufunika kwa mwayi wotayika mukasankha njira imodzi kuposa ina. Izi nthawi zambiri zimanyalanyazidwa, koma ndizofunikira kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama kugula makina atsopano kumatanthauza kuti muphonya mwayi woyika ndalamazo m'mabizinesi ena.
g. Ndalama zobisika ndi mtengo wabwino
Izi zikuphatikizapo ndalama zogwiriranso ntchito, katundu wobwezedwa, nthawi yogwira ntchito yogwiritsa ntchito makina, kuchedwa kwa ntchito, kapena kuwonongeka kwa mbiri chifukwa cha khalidwe loipa. Ndalama zimenezi nthawi zambiri sizimawonekera pa malipoti a mtengo wamba, kotero ziyenera kufufuzidwa mwachangu.
4. Sonkhanitsani deta yolondola komanso yolondola
Kusanthula bwino mtengo kumadalira kwambiri deta. Gwiritsani ntchito magwero otsimikizika: ma invoice, mapangano a ogulitsa, malipoti azachuma, zolemba za malipiro, deta yopangidwa, ndi mbiri yogula. Ngati deta siyikupezeka mosavuta, yerekezerani, koma onetsetsani kuti njira yoyerekeza ndi yomveka bwino, mwachitsanzo:
- Pogwiritsa ntchito avareji yakale ya miyezi 6-12 yapitayi
- Gwiritsani ntchito mitengo yochokera kwa ogulitsa osachepera 2-3
- Kugwiritsa ntchito miyezo ya mtengo wamakampani (ziwerengero) ndi zolemba zoyambira
Pewani kudalira "malingaliro am'mimba" kapena manambala osatsimikizika. Ngati muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito malingaliro osamveka bwino, alembeni ngati zoopsa ndipo konzani njira zina.
5. Konzani dongosolo la ndalama (dongosolo lowerengera ndalama)
Kuti mumvetsetse mosavuta, gawani ndalama mu dongosolo la kalembedwe kake. Mwachitsanzo, pa polojekiti:
1) Perisiya
- Chilolezo
- Kafukufuku ndi kapangidwe
2) Kukhazikitsa
- Zinthu
- Antchito
- Kubwereka zida
3) Yogwira Ntchito
- Kukonza
- Maphunziro
- Thandizo
Kapangidwe kameneka kamakuthandizani kupeza zolemba zazikulu kwambiri, zolemba zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotupa, komanso madera omwe muyenera kukonza.
6. Werengani mtengo wonse ndi mtengo pa gawo lililonse
Ndalama zonse zikadziwika, werengani mtengo wonse. Kenako, ngati zikugwirizana ndi kupanga kapena kutulutsa kwina, werengani mtengo pa unit. Kusintha ndalama zonse kukhala muyeso wa unit kumalola kupanga zisankho zanzeru: mutha kuyerekeza pakati pa nthawi, zinthu, kapena ogulitsa pamaziko a apple-to-apple.
Chitsanzo chosavuta: mtengo wonse wopangira pamwezi wa Rp150 miliyoni pa mayunitsi 10.000 umatanthauzira mtengo wa Rp15.000 pa yuniti iliyonse. Kuchokera apa, mutha kuwona ngati mtengo wogulitsa, kuchotsera, kapena cholinga cha margin chikadali chotheka.
7. Gwiritsani ntchito njira yoyenera yowunikira
Pali njira zingapo zodziwika bwino zowunikira mtengo:
a. Kusanthula mtengo ndi phindu (CBA)
Imayerekeza ndalama zonse ndi phindu lonse. Yoyenera mapulojekiti oyika ndalama, mfundo, kapena mapulogalamu a ntchito.
b. Kusanthula kwa kugawa ndalama
Kuwerengera nthawi yokwanira: kuchuluka kwa mayunitsi omwe ayenera kugulitsidwa kuti apeze ndalama zonse kuti akwaniritse ndalama zonse. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pa njira zogulitsira ndi zisankho zokulitsa.
c. Kuwerengera mtengo wozikidwa pa ntchito (ABC)
Imagawa ndalama zogwirira ntchito kutengera ntchito zomwe zimayendetsa ndalama, osati kuchuluka kokhazikika kokha. Ndi yoyenera mabizinesi omwe ali ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana kapena njira zovuta.
d. Mtengo wonse wa umwini (TCO)
Imawerengera mtengo wa umwini kuyambira pachiyambi mpaka kumapeto: kugula, kukhazikitsa, kugwiritsa ntchito, kukonza, ndi kutaya. Yoyenera kugula zinthu monga makina, magalimoto, kapena mapulogalamu.
Sankhani njira yoyenera nkhani yonse; musakakamize njira imodzi kuti igwirizane ndi nkhani zonse.
8. Chitani kusanthula kwa kuzindikira ndi zochitika
Dziko lenileni limasintha nthawi zonse. Chifukwa chake, kusanthula bwino mtengo kuyenera kuyesa zochitika. Yesani kusintha kwa zinthu zofunika monga mitengo ya zinthu zopangira, mitengo yosinthira, kuchuluka kwa malonda, kapena ndalama zogwirira ntchito. Pangani zochitika zosachepera zitatu:
- Chiyembekezo: ndalama zimatsika kapena kuchuluka kumakwera
- Wocheperako: malinga ndi zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa
- Zoyipa: mitengo imakwera kapena kuchuluka kumatsika
Kusanthula kwa kukhudzidwa kwa zinthu kumasonyeza zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri zotsatira. Ngati kusintha pang'ono pamitengo ya zinthu zopangira kumachepetsa kwambiri phindu, mungafunike mapangano a nthawi yayitali, kusinthasintha kwa ogulitsa, kapena njira yosinthira zinthu.
9. Tanthauzirani zotsatira za kupanga zisankho
Manambala sadzilankhulira okha; muyenera kuwamasulira. Yang'anani kwambiri pa mafunso otsatirawa:
- Kodi ndalama zambiri zili kuti? Chifukwa chiyani?
- Kodi mitengo ikukwera chifukwa cha kuchuluka (koyenera) kapena chifukwa cha kusagwira ntchito bwino (kosafunikira)?
- Kodi njira ina A ndi yotsika mtengo kwambiri powerengera TCO, osati mtengo woyamba wokha?
- Kodi zoopsa zazikulu ndi ziti ndipo zingachepetsedwe bwanji?
Pa gawo ili, fotokozani bwino malangizo: zochita zomwe ziyenera kuchitika, momwe zingakhudzire ndalama, komanso nthawi yomwe ntchitoyi idzachitike.
10. Lembani ndikuwunika nthawi ndi nthawi
Kusanthula mtengo si chikalata chongochitika kamodzi kokha. Konzani nthawi zonse kuwunika: pamwezi pa ntchito, kapena pagawo lililonse la mapulojekiti. Zolemba zabwino zithandiza kuti ma audit akhale osavuta, zithandize kusamutsa chidziwitso, ndikulimbikitsa kusintha kosalekeza.
Gwiritsani ntchito dashboard yosavuta: ndalama zenizeni poyerekeza ndi bajeti, momwe ndalama zimayendera, ndi zizindikiro zogwirira ntchito bwino. Ngati pali zolakwika zilizonse, chitani kusanthula komwe kumayambitsa vuto kuti muwonetsetse kuti zinthu zikuyenda bwino.
Kutseka
Njira yothandiza yochitira kusanthula ndalama ndikuphatikiza kulondola kwa deta, kapangidwe komveka bwino, ndi njira zoyenera. Yambani ndi cholinga chomveka bwino komanso malo ofunikira, zindikirani mitundu yonse ya ndalama, kuphatikiza zobisika, sonkhanitsani deta yomwe ingatsatidwe, kenako werengani ndalama zonse ndi ndalama zogulira. Kenako, gwiritsani ntchito njira monga kugawa ndalama, TCO, kapena mtengo wozikidwa pa ntchito momwe ziyenera kukhalira, ndikuzilimbitsa ndi kusanthula zochitika kuti zisankho zikhale zolimba kusintha. Pomaliza, kusanthula ndalama sikungokhudza kuwerengera; ndikofunika kumvetsetsa njira, kuwongolera zinyalala, ndikupanga zisankho zanzeru komanso zodalirika.
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kusintha nkhaniyi kuti igwirizane ndi nkhani inayake (monga makampani ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati azakudya, mapulojekiti omanga, kapena kugula mapulogalamu) yokhala ndi zitsanzo za matebulo owerengera.
