Chiyambi Choyambira pa Msika wa Ma Bond
Msika wa ma bond ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa kayendetsedwe ka zachuma padziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale kuti sudziwika bwino ngati msika wamasheya, umagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri popereka ndalama zokwanira komanso kukhazikika kwachuma. Nkhaniyi ikufuna kupereka chiyambi choyambira cha msika wa ma bond, kufotokoza tanthauzo lake, mitundu ya ma bond, njira zogulitsira, ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhudza mitengo ya ma bond.
Kodi Bond ndi chiyani?
Ma bond ndi zida zolipira ngongole zomwe maboma, makampani, kapena mabungwe ena amapereka kuti apeze ndalama. Mukagula bond, mumabwereketsa ndalama kwa wopereka bond. Pobwezera, wopereka bond amalonjeza kubweza ndalama zonse zomwe mudalipira komanso chiwongola dzanja panthawi inayake.
Zigawo Zazikulu za Ma Bond
1. Mtengo Wofanana: Ndalama zomwe mwini bond adzalandira bond ikakhwima. Mtengo wofanana nthawi zambiri umakhala $1.000 pa ma bond amakampani.
2. Kuponi: Chiwongola dzanja choperekedwa kwa eni ma bond, nthawi zambiri chimafotokozedwa ngati peresenti ya mtengo weniweni. Malipiro awa akhoza kuperekedwa pachaka, theka la chaka, kapena kotala lililonse.
3. Tsiku Lotha Kutha: Tsiku limene wopereka bond ayenera kubweza mtengo wodziwika bwino wa bond kwa mwini bond.
Mitundu ya Ma Bond
Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma bond, omwe angagawidwe m'magulu kutengera wopereka, chiopsezo, ndi njira yolipirira chiwongola dzanja.
1. Ma Bond a Boma: Amaperekedwa ndi maboma adziko lonse kuti athandizire mapulojekiti ndi ntchito. Zitsanzo zodziwika bwino ndi ma Bond a Treasury ku United States ndi Ma Bond a Boma (SBN) ku Indonesia.
2. Ma Bond a Makampani: Amaperekedwa ndi makampani kuti apeze ndalama. Ali ndi zoopsa zambiri kuposa ma bond a boma, komanso amapereka chiwongola dzanja chokwera kuti athetse chiopsezo chimenecho.
3. Ma Bond a Municipal: Operekedwa ndi maboma am'deralo kapena makampani othandizira. Ku United States, chiwongola dzanja cha ma bond awa sichilipira msonkho wa boma, ndipo nthawi zina boma sililipira msonkho, kutengera komwe woyika ndalama amakhala.
4. Mabondi a Mayiko: Mabondi operekedwa ndi makampani akunja kapena maboma. Akhoza kupereka kusiyanasiyana, komanso amakhala ndi zoopsa za ndalama ndi ndale.
5. Ma Bond Osinthika: Ma Bond omwe angasinthidwe kukhala magawo enaake a kampani yopereka ndalama pamtengo woikika. Izi zimapatsa eni ma bond mwayi wopindula ndi kukwera kwa mtengo wa masheya.
Njira Yogulitsira Ma Bond
Mosiyana ndi masheya, omwe amagulitsidwa pamisika yamasheya, ma bond nthawi zambiri amagulitsidwa pa intaneti (OTC). Izi zikutanthauza kuti malondawa amachitika mwachindunji pakati pa magulu awiri, nthawi zambiri kudzera mwa broker kapena wogulitsa.
Misika Yoyamba ndi Yachiwiri
1. Msika Woyamba: Apa ndi pomwe ma bond amayamba kuperekedwa ndikugulitsidwa. Apa, ma bond amagulidwa mwachindunji kuchokera kwa wopereka.
2. Msika Wachiwiri: Ma bond akatulutsidwa, amatha kugulitsidwa pamsika wachiwiri. Apa, amalonda amagula ndikugulitsa ma bond omwe alipo pakati pawo. Mitengo ya ma bond pamsika wachiwiri imatha kusinthasintha kutengera zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachuma komanso msika.
Mitengo ya Ma Bond ndi Zokolola
Mtengo wa bond pamsika wachiwiri ukhoza kukhala wokwera kapena wotsika kuposa mtengo wake weniweni, kutengera chiwongola dzanja chomwe chilipo pamsika. Pali mfundo ziwiri zofunika kuzimvetsa:
1. Mtengo: Mtengo wamakono womwe bond imagulitsidwa pamsika wachiwiri. Mtengo uwu ukhoza kukhala mtengo wonse, womwe umaphatikizapo chiwongola dzanja chowonjezeka, kapena mtengo woyera, womwe suphatikizapo chiwongola dzanja chowonjezeka.
2. Kuchuluka kwa phindu: Kuchuluka kwa phindu ndi kuchuluka kwa phindu lomwe amalonda amayembekezera kuchokera ku bond. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zoyezera phindu, koma ziwiri zomwe zimafala kwambiri ndi Kuchuluka kwa phindu la Current Yield ndi Kuchuluka kwa phindu la YTM.
- Zokolola Zamakono: Zimawerengedwa ngati chiphaso cha pachaka chogawidwa ndi mtengo wamakono wa bond.
– Kupereka Ndalama Zokwanira (YTM): Mtengo woyembekezeredwa wa kubweza ngati bond yasungidwa mpaka itatha. YTM imaganizira zolipira zonse za makuponi ndi kusiyana pakati pa mtengo wogulira ndi mtengo weniweni wa bond.
Zinthu Zomwe Zimakhudza Mitengo ya Ma Bond
Mitengo ya ma bond imakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zingapo, zomwe zambiri zimakhudzana ndi chiopsezo ndi chiwongola dzanja.
1. Chiwongola dzanja: Chiwongola dzanja pamsika chimakhudza mwachindunji mitengo ya ma bond. Ngati chiwongola dzanja chikukwera, mitengo ya ma bond omwe alipo kale imatsika, chifukwa ma bond atsopano amapereka ma coupon okwera. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ngati chiwongola dzanja chikutsika, mitengo ya ma bond omwe alipo kale imakwera.
2. Kukwera kwa mitengo: Kukwera kwa mitengo kudzachepetsa mtengo weniweni wa malipiro okhazikika omwe amapangidwa ndi ma bond, zomwe zingachepetse mitengo ya ma bond. Ma bond omwe ali ndi kukwera kwa mitengo, monga Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS) ku United States, amapangidwira kuteteza amalonda ku kukwera kwa mitengo.
3. Ngozi ya Ngongole: Ngozi yoti wopereka mabond angalephere kulipira chiwongola dzanja kapena ndalama zoyambira. Mavoti a ngongole ochokera ku mabungwe owunikira monga Standard & Poor's, Moody's, ndi Fitch amathandiza amalonda kuwunika ngoziyi. Mabond otsika amapereka phindu lalikulu kuti alipire chiopsezo chowonjezera.
4. Kutalika kwa nthawi: Muyeso wa momwe mtengo wa bond umakhudzira kusintha kwa chiwongola dzanja. Nthawi yayitali, bond imakhala yovuta kwambiri kusintha kwa chiwongola dzanja. Ma bond a nthawi yayitali nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali ndipo amakhala osavuta kusintha kwa chiwongola dzanja.
5. Mikhalidwe Yachuma ndi Msika/Maukwati: Malingaliro amsika ndi mikhalidwe yachuma zimakhudzanso mitengo ya ma bond. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi yamavuto azachuma kapena kusakhazikika kwa ndale, amalonda angasinthe kuchoka ku masheya osakhazikika kupita ku ma bond okhazikika ngati "malo otetezeka."
Mapeto
Msika wa ma bond ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa kayendetsedwe ka zachuma padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zimapereka njira kwa mabungwe kuti apeze ndalama komanso kuti amalonda apeze ndalama zokhazikika. Kumvetsetsa zoyambira za ma bond, kuphatikizapo mitundu ya ma bond, njira zogulitsira, ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhudza mitengo ya ma bond, ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri kwa aliyense amene akufuna kuyika ndalama pamsikawu.
Pomvetsetsa bwino momwe ma bond amagwirira ntchito komanso zoopsa zomwe zimabwera nazo, amalonda amatha kupanga zisankho zogwira mtima komanso zodziwa bwino ntchito yawo akamayang'anira ma portfolio awo. Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi ndalama zina zonse, chidziwitso ndi kafukufuku ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti zinthu ziyende bwino.
