Momwe Mungasamalire Odwala Omwe Ali ndi Matenda a Maganizo ndi Anthu
Matenda amisala ndi matenda omwe munthu amakumana ndi mavuto pakugwira ntchito kwamaganizo ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Zotsatira zake zimatha kuwoneka m'kuganiza, malingaliro, khalidwe, maubwenzi, kuchita bwino, komanso luso lodzisamalira. Mu ntchito zachipatala—kaya m'zipatala za anthu ammudzi, zipatala, zipatala, kapena m'madera ammudzi—ogwira ntchito zachipatala nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi odwala omwe ali ndi madandaulo monga nkhawa kwambiri, kukhumudwa, kukwiya, kusiya ntchito, mikangano ya m'banja, mavuto a kuntchito, kapena kuvutika kuzolowera pambuyo pa chochitika chachikulu m'moyo. Kusamalira odwala omwe ali ndi matenda amisala kumafuna njira yokonzedwa bwino, yachifundo, yoganizira za kuchira, komanso mgwirizano pakati pa akatswiri ndi mabanja.
1. Kumvetsetsa lingaliro la matenda amisala
Mawu akuti "psychosocial" akugogomezera kuti vuto la wodwala limakhudzidwa ndi kuyanjana kwa zinthu zamaganizo (monga kuvulala, malingaliro, luso lothana ndi mavuto, umunthu) ndi zinthu zachikhalidwe (monga chithandizo cha m'banja, chuma, malo ogwirira ntchito, manyazi, ndi chikhalidwe). Chifukwa chake, chithandizo chimafuna zambiri kuposa mankhwala kapena upangiri wachidule; ziyenera kuphatikizapo kukonza magwiridwe antchito a tsiku ndi tsiku komanso chithandizo cha anthu. Zitsanzo za matenda omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi gawo lalikulu la maganizo ndi monga matenda a nkhawa, kuvutika maganizo, matenda osintha, matenda ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, matenda opsinjika maganizo pambuyo pa zoopsa, ndi mavuto a khalidwe omwe amabwera chifukwa cha mikangano ya anthu.
2. Pangani ubale wothandiza kuyambira pachiyambi
Gawo loyamba lofunika kwambiri ndikukhazikitsa ubale wothandiza. Odwala omwe ali ndi mavuto amisala nthawi zambiri amamva kuti sanamvetsetsedwe, amaopa kuweruzidwa, kapena amachita manyazi kulankhula za izi. Opereka chithandizo chamankhwala ayenera kusonyeza mtima wosaweruza, wachikondi, komanso waulemu pankhani ya chinsinsi. Gwiritsani ntchito mafunso otseguka monga, "Nchiyani chomwe chakhala chikukuvutitsani posachedwapa?" ndipo lolani wodwalayo afotokoze mwachangu. Kutsimikizira momwe wodwalayo akumvera ("N'zachibadwa kumva kutopa pambuyo pa chochitika chimenecho") kumathandiza kuchepetsa kupsinjika maganizo ndikulimbikitsa chidaliro.
Kulankhulana bwino kumaphatikizapo kumvetsera mwachidwi, kuyang'ana maso moyenera, mawu odekha, ndikusintha madandaulo kuti mutsimikizire kumvetsetsa. Pewani kupereka uphungu mwachangu kwambiri, makamaka kudzudzula. Ngati wodwalayo akuvutika kulankhula, yambani ndi zinthu zenizeni monga kugona tulo, chilakolako chofuna kudya, kapena zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku.
3. Kuwunika kwathunthu: bio-psycho-social
Kuyang'anira bwino kumayamba ndi kuwunika kwathunthu. Mwachiyembekezo, kuwunikako kumaphatikizapo:
- Mbali za thupi: mbiri ya matenda akuthupi, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, mavuto ogona, kupweteka kosatha, kumwa mowa/mankhwala osokoneza bongo, mavuto a mahomoni, kapena zotsatirapo zoyipa za mankhwala.
- Mbali zamaganizo: zizindikiro za nkhawa/kukhumudwa, malingaliro, njira zoganizira, kuchuluka kwa nkhawa, kuvulala, njira zothanirana ndi mavuto, ndi mbiri ya matenda amisala akale.
- Mbali za chikhalidwe cha anthu: chithandizo cha m'banja, ubale ndi anzako, mavuto kuntchito, mavuto azachuma, mwayi wopeza chithandizo, maudindo a anthu, komanso kukumana ndi nkhanza kapena kuzunzidwa.
Gwiritsani ntchito zida zowunikira ngati zilipo, monga masikelo a kuvutika maganizo/nkhawa, ndipo yesani kufufuza mkhalidwe wamaganizo mosavuta: mawonekedwe, khalidwe, malankhulidwe, momwe mukumvera/momwe mukumvera, zomwe mukuganiza, kuzindikira, momwe mukumvera, ndi kuzindikira.
4. Unikani zoopsa: chitetezo ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri
Pazifukwa zina zamaganizo, zoopsa zachitetezo zingachuluke. Chitani kafukufuku womveka bwino koma wachifundo, makamaka ngati pali zizindikiro zotsatirazi: kusowa chiyembekezo, kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo mopitirira muyeso, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo mopitirira muyeso, khalidwe losaganizira bwino, kapena malingaliro ofuna kudzipha. Funsani mwachindunji za malingaliro ofuna kudzipha, mapulani, mwayi wopeza zinthu, ndi zinthu zodzitetezera (banja, chipembedzo, maudindo a ana, ziyembekezo zamtsogolo). Izi zikugwiranso ntchito pa chiopsezo cha nkhanza kwa ena, nkhanza zapakhomo, kapena kudzinyalanyaza.
Ngati chiopsezo chili chachikulu, chitanipo kanthu kodziteteza: musamusiye wodwalayo yekha, funsani achibale odalirika, tumizani chithandizo cha matenda amisala/ER ngati pakufunika kutero, ndipo pangani dongosolo lothandiza la chitetezo.
5. Khazikitsani zolinga zodziwira matenda ndi kuchira
Si milandu yonse yomwe imafunika kudziwitsidwa nthawi yomweyo. Komabe, akatswiri azaumoyo ayenera kupeza matenda ofunikira kapena kumvetsetsa vuto lenileni: mwachitsanzo, kuvutika maganizo pang'ono, matenda a nkhawa, kupsinjika maganizo, kapena mavuto osintha chifukwa cha mikangano ya m'banja. Pambuyo pake, gwirizanani ndi wodwalayo pa zolinga. Zolinga ziyenera kukhala zenizeni komanso zenizeni, monga: kugona bwino, kubwerera kuntchito, kuchepetsa mantha, kulankhulana bwino m'banja, kapena kubwerera kuntchito pang'onopang'ono.
Kuphunzira kuchira kumagogomezera kuti odwala samangochotsa zizindikiro zokha, koma m'malo mwake amakonzanso ntchito ndi tanthauzo la moyo.
6. Njira zosagwirizana ndi mankhwala: maziko akuluakulu
Mu matenda ambiri amisala, njira zochiritsira zosagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndizofunikira kwambiri. Njira zina zofunika:
1. Maphunziro a zamaganizo: Kufotokoza ubale wa maganizo ndi thupi ndi kupsinjika maganizo, kusintha zizindikiro zina, zizindikiro zochenjeza, ndi kufunika kwa machitidwe abwino. Maphunziro abwino amachepetsa manyazi ndikuwongolera kutsatira chithandizo.
2. Maluso othana ndi mavuto: phunzitsani njira zopumira mozama, kupumula minofu, kulimbitsa nkhawa/mantha, komanso kusamalira nthawi.
3. Chithandizo cha maganizo chokonzedwa bwino: tumizani kapena chitani molingana ndi luso lanu, mwachitsanzo chithandizo chamaganizo (CBT), chithandizo cha anthu, uphungu wothetsera mavuto, kapena chithandizo chochokera ku umboni cha kuvulala.
4. Thandizo la zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku: thandizani odwala kukhala ndi ndondomeko yosavuta, kugona nthawi zonse, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi pang'ono, komanso zolinga za sabata iliyonse.
5. Kulowerera m'banja: ngati mkangano wa m'banja uli waukulu, misonkhano ya m'banja ingathandize kuvomereza maudindo, malire ndi njira zabwino zolankhulirana.
7. Kulowererapo kwa mankhwala: kusankha ndi kuyang'aniridwa
Mankhwala angafunike, makamaka ngati zizindikiro zake ndi zazikulu, zimasokoneza magwiridwe antchito, kapena pali matenda ena omwe alipo. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kuyenera kutengera zizindikiro, kuyang'aniridwa kuti awone zotsatira zake, ndipo sikuyenera kulowa m'malo mwa njira zochiritsira maganizo. Mankhwala ena oletsa kupsinjika maganizo kapena anxiolytics angakhale othandiza akaperekedwa ndi dokotala pambuyo powunika bwino. Ndikofunikanso kuganizira momwe mankhwala amagwirizanirana, mbiri ya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi matenda ena.
Chinsinsi cha mankhwala ochizira matenda ndi maphunziro: nthawi yoti mankhwala ayambe kugwira ntchito, zotsatirapo zake zoyambirira, nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala, komanso kufunika kosiya kumwa mankhwala mwadzidzidzi popanda kufunsidwa.
8. Yambitsani chithandizo cha anthu ndi zinthu zothandiza anthu ammudzi
Popeza zinthu zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri, chithandizo cha anthu ammudzi nthawi zambiri chimakhala "mankhwala" ofunikira. Thandizani odwala kupeza mautumiki oyenera: magulu othandizira, alangizi, ogwira ntchito zachitukuko, mapulogalamu okonzanso thanzi, maphunziro a ntchito, komanso thandizo la zamalamulo pankhani zachiwawa. Kwa odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la zachuma, kulumikizana ndi mapulogalamu othandizira anthu kungachepetse nkhawa zomwe zimayambitsa zizindikiro.
Kugwirizana m'magawo osiyanasiyana—aumoyo, chikhalidwe cha anthu, maphunziro, ndi ntchito—nthawi zambiri ndiko kusiyana pakati pa odwala omwe akuchira ndi omwe akubwereranso kuchipatala.
9. Kuthetsa manyazi ndi kumanga ziyembekezo zenizeni
Kusala kungapangitse odwala kusafuna chithandizo, kuwapangitsa kudzipatula, kapena kudzimva "ofooka." Ogwira ntchito zachipatala ayenera kutsindika kuti matenda amisala ndi matenda ochiritsika, osati manyazi. Gwiritsani ntchito mawu osaweruza ("kukhala ndi kuvutika maganizo" si "misala") ndipo limbikitsani odwala kuti azigawana ndi munthu wotetezeka komanso wothandiza.
Zoyembekeza zenizeni ndizofunikiranso: kuchira nthawi zambiri kumachitika pang'onopang'ono, ndi zabwino ndi zoyipa, ndipo zolephera sizitanthauza kulephera. Kuwunika nthawi zonse kumathandiza kuwunika momwe zinthu zikuyendera ndikusintha mapulani.
10. Kutsatira, kuwunika, ndi kutumiza anthu ena
Kusamalira odwala omwe ali ndi matenda amisala sikumalizidwa pa ulendo umodzi. Konzani ulendo wotsatira: sabata yamawa kapena iwiri, kutengera kuopsa kwake. Unikani kusintha kwa zizindikiro, momwe zimagwirira ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku, kutsatira malangizo a dokotala, zotsatirapo zoyipa za mankhwala, ndi kusintha kwa zochitika pagulu.
Pitani kwa dokotala wa matenda amisala kapena katswiri wa zamaganizo ngati: zizindikiro zake ndi zazikulu kapena zopitirira, chiopsezo chodzipha, matenda amisala omwe angakhalepo, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kuvulala kwambiri, kapena wodwalayo sakusintha ndi chithandizo choyamba. Zolemba zabwino zimathandiza kuti pakhale mgwirizano pakati pa mautumiki.
Kutseka
Kusamalira odwala omwe ali ndi matenda amisala kumafuna luso lachipatala komanso kukhudzidwa ndi anthu. Njira yabwino kwambiri ndi bio-psycho-social: kukhazikitsa ubale wothandiza, kuchita kafukufuku wokwanira, kuonetsetsa kuti ali otetezeka, kupereka chithandizo chamaganizo ndi chithandizo cha anthu, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala mwanzeru ngati pakufunika kutero. Ndi kutsatira mosalekeza komanso mgwirizano wa mabanja ndi anthu ammudzi, odwala ambiri amatha kupezanso mphamvu, kupezanso chiyembekezo, ndikukhala ndi moyo wopindulitsa kwambiri.
