Momwe Mungadziwire Mitundu ya Dothi M'madera a Nkhalango
Kuzindikira mitundu ya nthaka m'nkhalango ndi luso lofunika kwambiri kwa ofufuza, oteteza zachilengedwe, oyang'anira nkhalango, komanso madera a nkhalango omwe amagwiritsa ntchito nthaka moyenera. Nthaka imakhudza kupezeka kwa madzi, chonde, kukhazikika kwa mapiri, ndi mitundu ya zomera zomwe zingamere. Kumvetsetsa makhalidwe a nthaka kumatithandiza kukonzekera bwino kukonzanso nkhalango, kubzala, ndi kuteteza zachilengedwe. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza njira zothandiza zodziwira mitundu ya nthaka m'nkhalango kudzera mu kuyang'ana m'munda, mayeso osavuta, komanso kutanthauzira makhalidwe a chilengedwe.
1. Kumvetsetsa zinthu zomwe zimapanga nthaka ya m'nkhalango
Musanazindikire nthaka, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa kuti nthaka imapangidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana: zinthu zomwe zili mkati mwake (mwala woyambirira), nyengo (mvula ndi kutentha), zamoyo (mizu, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zinyama za m'nthaka), malo otsetsereka (malo otsetsereka ndi malo), ndi nthawi. Mwachitsanzo, m'nkhalango zamvula za m'madera otentha, nyengo imakhala yofulumira ndipo michere imatuluka kwambiri, kotero nthaka nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi asidi wambiri komanso michere yochepa m'zigawo zapamwamba. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, m'malo ouma kapena m'malo ena okwera, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe kumatha kukhala kokulirapo ndipo mawonekedwe a nthaka amatha kusiyana.
2. Dziwani malo owonera ndi kupanga dzenje la dothi.
Gawo loyamba lothandiza kwambiri ndi kukumba dzenje laling'ono kuti muwone momwe nthaka ilili (dzenje la nthaka), kapena kuboola ndi chotsukira. Sankhani malo omwe akuyimira derali—pewani malo owopsa monga ngalande zazing'ono za mitsinje, zipsera za nthaka, kapena milu ya zinyalala zachilendo, pokhapokha ngati mukufuna kudziwa bwino derali. Kumbani dzenje lakuya masentimita 50–100 (ngati n'kotheka) kuti muwone kusintha kwa zigawo za nthaka (m'mphepete mwa nthaka). Lembani ma coordinates, kutalika, kutsetsereka kwa nthaka, malo okhala ndi malo (pamwamba, kutsetsereka kwapamwamba, kutsetsereka kwapansi, kosalala), ndi zomera zazikulu.
Samalani zigawo monga:
– Horizon O: gawo lachilengedwe/zinyalala (masamba, nthambi, humus).
– Horizon A: nthaka ya pamwamba, nthawi zambiri imakhala yakuda chifukwa ndi yachilengedwe.
– Horizon B: nthaka yapansi, nthawi zambiri imakhala yokhuthala, yofiira/yachikasu chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa dongo/iron oxide.
– Horizon C: zinthu zomwe zayamba kugwedezeka, zidutswa za miyala.
Kupezeka ndi makulidwe a mtunda uliwonse kumapereka chidziwitso chofunikira chokhudza mtundu wa nthaka ndi chitukuko chake.
3. Yang'anirani mtundu wa nthaka (madzi otuluka ndi chizindikiro cha mchere)
Mtundu wa nthaka ndi chizindikiro chodziwika bwino chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Gwiritsani ntchito chitsogozo chosavuta kapena Tchati cha Mtundu wa Dothi la Munsell ngati chilipo, koma ngakhale popanda zida, chimagwirabe ntchito.
– Wofiirira wakuda mpaka wakuda: nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zambiri, humus wambiri, kapena nthaka yonyowa, yokhala ndi zomera zambiri.
– Chofiira ndi chofiira cha bulauni: chimasonyeza kuti pali chitsulo chochuluka komanso madzi abwino (mpweya wokwanira), zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri m'nthaka za m'madera otentha zomwe zimakhala ndi okosijeni.
– Wachikasu mpaka bulauni: akadali okhudzana ndi oxide yachitsulo, nthawi zambiri m'malo omwe madzi amatuluka pang'ono kapena nyengo yosiyana.
– Imvi, yotumbululuka, kapena yokhala ndi madontho a imvi (madontho): chizindikiro cha kusefukira kwa madzi nthawi ndi nthawi, madzi osayenda bwino, kapena kuchepa kwa chitsulo (nthaka yosalimba kwambiri).
– Pali madontho akuda okhuthala komanso fungo lamphamvu: izi zitha kusonyeza kuti zinthu zachilengedwe zanyowa kwambiri komanso kuti zayamba kuvunda.
Mitundu imaoneka bwino kwambiri pa nthaka yonyowa (osati youma kwambiri kapena yonyowa kwambiri) chifukwa madzi amatha kusintha mawonekedwe a mtundu.
4. Kuyesa kapangidwe ka nthaka pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya "feel-roll"
Kapangidwe ka nthaka (chiŵerengero cha mchenga, matope, ndi dongo) chimatsimikizira kwambiri mphamvu yake yosungira madzi ndi michere. Njira yodziwika bwino yoyesera munda ndi njira yofewetsera:
1. Tengani chitsanzo cha nthaka, chotsani miyala ikuluikulu ndi mizu.
2. Inyowetseni pang'ono mpaka itakhala yokongola.
3. Finyani ndi kuyesa kupanga mpira, kenako muupange ngati riboni.
Kutanthauzira kothandiza:
– Mchenga: umamveka wovuta, wosamata, wovuta kupanga mpira wokhazikika, umasweka mwachangu.
– Sandy loam: imamvekabe yolimba pang'ono, imatha kupanga mipira yofooka, riboni zazifupi.
– Loam: imamveka yosalala komanso yomata pang'ono, mpirawo ndi wokhazikika, tepi yapakati.
– Dongo: lomata kwambiri komanso lapulasitiki, losavuta kupanga maliboni ataliatali, pamwamba pake pamamveka ngati poterera.
Kapangidwe kake kamakhudza zomera: dothi lamchenga limakonda kuuma msanga ndipo silikhala ndi michere yambiri; dothi ladothi limasunga madzi nthawi yayitali koma limatha kudzaza madzi ndi kukhuthala.
5. Yesani kapangidwe ka nthaka ndi kusinthasintha kwake
Kapangidwe kake ndi momwe tinthu ta nthaka timagwirirana pamodzi (tinthu tating'onoting'ono). Onani ngati nthaka ndi yopyapyala (yokhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono), yopingasa, yokhala ndi zigawo (yokhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono), kapena yaikulu (yopanda kapangidwe kake). M'nkhalango zathanzi, nthaka yapamwamba nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi kapangidwe kopyapyala chifukwa cha ntchito ya mizu ndi zamoyo za m'nthaka.
Kugwirizana n'kofunikanso:
- Imawonongeka mosavuta komanso kumasuka: nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zachilengedwe komanso ma pores.
– Yolimba kwambiri ikakhala youma: ikhoza kusonyeza dongo lochuluka kapena kukhuthala.
– Yomata ikakhala yonyowa: khalidwe la dongo.
Kapangidwe ndi kusinthasintha kwa nthaka zimathandiza kuneneratu momwe madzi adzalowerere komanso momwe mizu idzalowerere.
6. Yang'anani madzi otuluka m'madzi ndi zizindikiro za matope
Kutulutsa madzi m'nthaka kumatsimikizira ngati nthaka ili ndi mpweya wochuluka (wochuluka mu mpweya) kapena wopanda mpweya (wochepa mu mpweya). Zizindikiro za kutaya madzi m'nthaka molakwika ndi izi:
- Mtundu waukulu wa imvi kapena madontho a imvi.
- Kukhalapo kwa gawo lolimba lomwe limasunga madzi (cholimba) kapena dongo lolimba pansi pake.
– Madzi amalowa m'mabowo ozungulira ndipo amatenga nthawi yayitali kuti abwerere m'mbuyo.
- Zomera za m'malo onyowa, mwachitsanzo mitundu ina yomwe imapirira kusefukira kwa madzi.
Ngati derali lili pafupi ndi mtsinje kapena chidebe, mwina ndi dothi laling'ono la alluvial lomwe limasefukira nthawi zambiri.
7. Kuyang'ana pH m'njira yosavuta
Dothi la m'nkhalango, makamaka nkhalango zamvula za m'madera otentha, nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi asidi. pH imakhudza kupezeka kwa michere ndi kapangidwe ka zomera. Njira yosavuta yoyezera izi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito pepala la litmus kapena choyezera pH chonyamulika:
– Sakanizani dothi pang'ono ndi madzi oyera (kapena madzi osungunuka) mu chidebe.
– Sakanizani, siyani kuti iimirire, kenako yesani pH ya madzi apamwamba.
Mwambiri:
– pH 4–5,5: asidi, michere yambiri imakhazikika, zomera zina zimatha kusintha.
– pH 5,5–7: ndi yabwino kwambiri kwa zomera zambiri.
– pH >7: alkaline, yomwe siipezeka kawirikawiri m'nkhalango zotentha, koma imatha kupezeka m'zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa ndi miyala yamchere.
8. Unikani kuchuluka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe ndi zinyalala
Kukhuthala kwa zinyalala ndi humus kungasonyeze momwe michere imayendera. Nkhalango zomwe zimakhala ndi zinyalala zambiri zimakhala ndi gawo la O lodziwika bwino. Dziwani:
– Kukhuthala kwa tsamba/nthambi.
– Liwiro la kuwola (zinyalala zimasanduka humus kapena zimasonkhana mokhuthala).
- Kupezeka kwa bowa, chiswe, nyongolotsi, ndi tizilombo tomwe timawola.
Dothi lomwe lili ndi zinthu zambiri zachilengedwe nthawi zambiri limakhala lakuda, lotayirira, ndipo limathandizira tizilombo tambirimbiri.
9. Gwirizanitsani mitundu ya nthaka ndi malo ndi zomera
Kuzindikira malo kumakhala kolimba kwambiri ngati kukugwirizana ndi malo:
– Nsonga/kumtunda: dothi limakhala lopyapyala, la miyala, komanso losavuta kukokoloka.
– Kutsetsereka/kutsanzika kwa chala cha pansi: kusonkhanitsa zinthu zabwino, chonde chochuluka, chinyezi chochuluka.
– Madera otsetsereka: dothi laling'ono la alluvial, lokhala ndi zigawo, lingakhale lobala kwambiri koma likhoza kukhudzidwa ndi madzi osefukira.
Zomera zimaperekanso chidziwitso: mitundu ina ya mitengo imakonda nthaka yokhala ndi asidi, pomwe ina imakonda nthaka yokhala ndi mchere wambiri kapena yothira madzi bwino.
10. Dziwani mitundu ingapo ya nthaka yomwe imapezeka nthawi zambiri m'nkhalango.
Ngakhale kuti kugawa m'magulu kumafuna kusanthula kwa labotale, mitundu ina yonse ingathe kuzindikirika motere:
– Dothi lofiira-lachikasu la m'madera otentha (nthawi zambiri limagwirizanitsidwa ndi nyengo yoipa): mtundu wofiira/wachikasu, kuwala koyera kwa B, madzi abwino nthawi zambiri amatuluka bwino, nthaka yapamwamba ikhoza kukhala yopanda michere ngati zinthu zachilengedwe ndi zoonda.
– Dothi lokhala ndi nthaka: pafupi ndi mitsinje, lokhala ndi zigawo, kapangidwe kosiyanasiyana, laling'ono komanso nthawi zambiri lokhala ndi chonde.
– Dothi la peat/organic: lolimba la organic, lakuda kwambiri, lopepuka, lonyowa, nthawi zambiri lokhala ndi asidi komanso lopanda mchere.
– Dothi la mchenga (malo ena): kapangidwe ka mchenga, madzi othamanga, zakudya zochepa, zomera zosinthika.
Ngati pakufunika kutsimikizika, gwiritsani ntchito mayeso a labotale (kapangidwe ka makina, C-organic, CEC, kukwanira kwa maziko, ndi zina zotero).
11. Lembani deta ya m'munda mwadongosolo
Kuti mudziwe bwino, dziwani izi:
- Kuzama kwa thambo lililonse ndi malire ake (akuthwa kapena oyesedwa).
- Mtundu, kapangidwe, kapangidwe, mizu, miyala/miyala.
- Chinyezi ndi madzi otuluka m'nthaka.
– Fungo (monga fungo la sulfure pamene munthu ali ndi vuto la anaerobic).
– Chithunzi cha mbiri ya nthaka ndi sikelo.
Deta yoyera imathandiza kufananiza malo ndikuthandizira kusanthula kwina.
Mapeto
Kuzindikira mtundu wa nthaka m'nkhalango kungachitike m'magawo angapo: kuyambira kuwunika momwe nthaka ilili ndi zigawo zake, kuwona mtundu wake, kuyesa kapangidwe kake pozungulira, kuwunika kapangidwe kake ndi madzi otuluka, mpaka kuyeza pH ndikuwona zinthu zachilengedwe. Chinsinsi cha kupambana ndikuphatikiza kuyang'ana kwa nthaka ndi malo ake ndi zomera. Pa kasamalidwe ka nkhalango, kubwezeretsa, kapena kafukufuku, njira iyi yamunda ndi yothandiza kwambiri ngati kuwunika koyambirira, ndipo ikhoza kuwonjezeredwa ndi kusanthula kwa labotale ngati pakufunika kutero.
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kusintha nkhaniyi kuti igwirizane ndi mtundu wina wa nkhalango (nkhalango yamvula yotentha, mitengo ya mangrove, nkhalango yamapiri) kapena kuwonjezera mawonekedwe a "kalozera ka ntchito yamunda" wokhala ndi matebulo owonera.
