Njira Zothandizira Opaleshoni ya Zinyama
Pendauluan
Kuletsa kupweteka ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pa opaleshoni iliyonse, osati kwa anthu okha komanso kwa nyama. Njira zothandizira kupweteka ndi zofunika kuti nyama isamavutike komanso kuti isamavutike kwambiri. Njira zimenezi ziyenera kutsatiridwa mosamala ndi dokotala wa ziweto ndi gulu lake lachipatala kuti nyamayo ikhale bwino panthawi ya opaleshoni komanso itatha.
Masitepe mu Anesthesia Protocol
Njira zoperekera mankhwala oletsa ululu zitha kugawidwa m'magawo angapo: kukonzekera mankhwala oletsa ululu asanayambe, kuyambitsa, kukonza, kuyang'anira, ndi kuchira pambuyo pa mankhwala oletsa ululu. Gawo lililonse lili ndi zolinga ndi njira zake.
1. Kukonzekera Asanagonekedwe ndi Mankhwala Oletsa Kupweteka
Kuwunika Zachipatala
Dokotala wa ziweto asanapereke mankhwala oletsa ululu, ayenera kuwunika bwino matendawo. Izi zikuphatikizapo kuyezetsa thupi, kusonkhanitsa mbiri yachipatala, ndi kuyezetsa m'ma laboratories monga kuyezetsa magazi ndi mkodzo, ngati kuli kofunikira. Deta iyi ithandiza kudziwa thanzi la nyamayo ndi zinthu zilizonse zomwe zingaike pachiwopsezo.
Mofulumira
Nyama zambiri zimafunika kusala kudya zisanayambe opaleshoni kuti zisatulutse mpweya m'mapapo kuti zisatuluke mpweya m'mapapo. Nthawi zambiri malangizo ndi akuti chakudya cholimba chizikhala maola 8-12 ndipo madzi azikhala maola 2-4, koma izi zimatha kusiyana malinga ndi mtundu wa nyamayo komanso thanzi lake.
Kuchiza mankhwala mwachisawawa
Mankhwala oletsa ululu nthawi zambiri amaperekedwa kuti achepetse nkhawa, apangitse munthu kukhala ndi nkhawa, komanso achepetse mlingo wa mankhwala oletsa ululu omwe amafunika. Mankhwala ena omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri amaphatikizapo mankhwala ochepetsa nkhawa monga acepromazine, opioids monga morphine, ndi mankhwala oletsa cholinergic monga atropine kuti achepetse chiopsezo cha bradycardia ndi kupuma mopitirira muyeso.
2. Kuyambitsa Anesthesia
Kuyambitsa mankhwala oletsa ululu ndi gawo limene nyama imasinthira kuchoka pa chikumbumtima chonse kupita ku kutaya chikumbumtima chomwe imafuna. Izi zitha kuchitika kudzera mu jakisoni wa m'mitsempha kapena kupuma.
Jakisoni wa m'mitsempha
Njira yobayira m'mitsempha imagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala monga propofol, thiopental, kapena ketamine, omwe amayamba mwachangu. Ubwino wa njira imeneyi ndi njira yake yofulumira komanso yosavuta kugawa mlingo.
Kupuma mpweya
Mankhwala oletsa kupweteka popuma monga isoflurane kapena sevoflurane amaperekedwa kudzera mu chigoba kapena chipinda cholowetsa. Njira imeneyi nthawi zambiri imaonedwa kuti ndi yotetezeka kwa nyama zomwe zili pachiwopsezo chachikulu chifukwa imalola kuti munthu azilamulira bwino kuzama kwa mankhwala oletsa kupweteka.
3. Kusamalira Mankhwala Oletsa Kupweteka
Kusamalira nyama cholinga chake ndi kusunga mkhalidwe wokhazikika wa mankhwala oletsa ululu panthawi ya opaleshoni. Njira yochepetsera ululu yopumira ndiyo njira yodziwika kwambiri yosamalira chifukwa imapereka kuwongolera kosavuta kwa kuzama kwa mankhwala oletsa ululu. Makina oletsa ululu amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza kuchuluka kwa mpweya wopumira ndi wotuluka komanso kuonetsetsa kuti mpweya ukuyenda bwino.
Mankhwala ena monga mankhwala ochepetsa ululu (monga opioids) ndi ochepetsa minofu angafunike kutengera mtundu wa opaleshoni.
4. Kuwunika Mankhwala Oletsa Kutsekeka kwa Thupi
Kuyang'anira nyama mosalekeza n'kofunika kwambiri kuti nyamayo ikhale yotetezeka panthawi yopereka mankhwala oletsa ululu. Zina mwa zinthu zomwe ziyenera kuyang'aniridwa ndi izi:
Kuthamanga kwa Mtima ndi Kugunda kwa Mtima: Chowunikira mtima kapena ECG imatha kuzindikira bradycardia, tachycardia, kapena arrhythmia.
Kuthamanga kwa Magazi: Kuyeza kuthamanga kwa magazi kumachitika kuti zitsimikizire kuti magazi akuyenda bwino. Zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi monga Doppler ndi oscillometric.
Kuchuluka kwa mpweya m'thupi ndi CO2: Kuchuluka kwa mpweya m'thupi kumagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kuchuluka kwa mpweya m'thupi, pomwe kuchuluka kwa mpweya m'thupi kumayesa kuchuluka kwa mpweya m'thupi.
Kutentha kwa Thupi: Kutsika kwa kutentha kwa thupi ndi chiopsezo chachikulu panthawi ya opaleshoni, kotero kuyang'anira kutentha ndikofunikira ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mabulangeti otenthetsera kapena zotenthetsera zamadzimadzi.
5. Kuchira Pambuyo pa Anesthesia
Kuchira ndi gawo lomwe nyama imadzuka kuchokera ku mankhwala oletsa ululu. Pa gawoli, kuyang'aniridwa kumapitirira mpaka nyamayo itazindikira bwino ndipo itatha kukhalabe ndi thupi lake.
Kusamalira Ululu
Kuchepetsa ululu mukamaliza opaleshoni n'kofunika kwambiri. Mankhwala ochepetsa ululu monga opioids, NSAIDs, kapena mankhwala oletsa ululu am'deralo angaperekedwe ngati pakufunika kutero.
Kuyang'aniridwa Nthawi Yomweyo
Kuyang'anira nyama panthawi yomwe ikuchira ndikofunikira kwambiri. Onetsetsani kuti nyamayo ili pamalo opanda phokoso ndipo imayang'aniridwa mosamala kuti izindikire mavuto monga kutentha thupi pang'ono, kufooka kwa mpweya, kapena kutuluka magazi pambuyo pa opaleshoni.
Zinthu Zofunika Kuziganizira Mogwirizana ndi Mitundu
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama ili ndi zosowa zosiyana pankhani ya mankhwala oletsa ululu. Nazi zina mwazofunikira pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama:
Agalu ndi Amphaka
Agalu ndi amphaka ndi nyama zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapatsidwa mankhwala ogonetsa m'zipatala za ziweto. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ogonetsa komanso ochepetsa ululu nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofanana ndi komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mwa anthu. Komabe, pali kusiyana kwina, monga kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri acepromazine mwa agalu pokonzekera mankhwala.
Zinyama Zachilendo
Kwa nyama zachilendo monga akalulu, nkhumba zodya nyama, kapena zokwawa, chisamaliro chapadera chiyenera kutengedwa chifukwa cha kusiyana kwawo kwa thupi ndi thupi. Mwachitsanzo, akalulu ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha kupumira ndipo amafunika mankhwala enaake. Nthawi zina kupumira mankhwala oletsa ululu kumakhala kovuta kupereka kwa nyama izi, ndipo njira zobayira jakisoni nthawi zambiri zimakhala njira ina.
Zinyama Zazikulu
Mahatchi ndi ziweto zimafuna njira zapadera zochepetsera ululu zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kukula kwawo ndi kagayidwe kawo ka thupi. Kuyambitsa ndi kusamalira n'kovuta kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri kumafuna kuphatikiza mankhwala ndi njira zina.
Mavuto ndi Chithandizo Chake
Mankhwala oletsa ululu m'zinyama, monga mankhwala oletsa ululu m'thupi mwa anthu, si owopsa chifukwa cha mavuto omwe angabwere, kuphatikizapo:
Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu: Kuyankha kwa ziwengo ku mankhwala oletsa ululu.
Kuvutika kupuma: Kuchepa kwa mpweya wopuma komwe kungachitike chifukwa cha kumwa mankhwala oletsa ululu mopitirira muyeso.
Kuchepa kwa kutentha kwa thupi: Kutsika kwa kutentha kwa thupi kungachitike chifukwa cha zotsatira za mankhwala oletsa ululu.
Kuthana ndi mavutowa kumafuna kukonzekera bwino kuchokera kwa gulu lachipatala. Kupereka mankhwala oletsa matenda, mpweya wopuma ndi manja, komanso kuyang'aniridwa kwambiri nthawi zambiri ndikofunikira kuti tithetse mavutowa.
Mapeto
Njira zoperekera mankhwala oletsa ululu pa opaleshoni ya ziweto ndi njira zovuta zomwe zimafuna chisamaliro chapadera pa gawo lililonse, kuyambira kukonzekera mankhwala oletsa ululu mpaka kuchira pambuyo pa opaleshoni. Chitetezo ndi ubwino wa ziweto ziyenera kukhala patsogolo pa njira iliyonse yothandizira ululu. Ndi chisamaliro choyenera komanso njira zoyenera, chiopsezo cha zovuta chingachepe ndipo opaleshoniyo ikhoza kupambana.
