Mavairasi ndi Mabakiteriya Omwe Amayambitsa Matenda
Matenda ndi vuto limene tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timalowa m'thupi, timachulukana, kenako timayambitsa kutupa kapena kusokoneza ntchito ya ziwalo. Zomwe zimakambidwa kwambiri zomwe zimayambitsa matenda ndi mavairasi ndi mabakiteriya. Zonsezi zingayambitse matenda, kufalikira kuchokera kwa munthu wina kupita kwa wina, komanso kuyambitsa miliri. Komabe, moyo wawo, momwe amaukira thupi, ndi momwe amachiritsidwira zimasiyana. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana pakati pa mavairasi ndi mabakiteriya ndikofunikira kuti tipewe malingaliro olakwika—mwachitsanzo, kuganiza kuti maantibayotiki amatha kuchiritsa matenda onse opatsirana, pomwe kwenikweni sangathe.
Kodi kachilombo n'chiyani?
Mavairasi ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tating'ono kwambiri, ngakhale tating'ono kwambiri kuposa mabakiteriya. Mavairasi si maselo amoyo mokwanira, opanda kapangidwe ka maselo athunthu ndipo sangathe kubereka okha. Kuti abereke, mavairasi ayenera kulowa mu selo la mwiniwake (selo la munthu, la nyama, kapena la chomera) ndikugwiritsa ntchito makina a selo limenelo kuti apange zofananira zawo.
Mwachidule, mavairasi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi:
- Zinthu za majini (DNA kapena RNA),
– Capsid (mapuloteni ophimba),
– Mu mitundu ina, pali lipid sheath (envelopu) yomwe imachokera ku nembanemba ya selo lolandira.
Kapangidwe ka mavairasi komwe kamadalira maselo a wodwalayo kamapangitsa kuti matenda a mavairasi nthawi zambiri akhale ovuta. Zizindikiro zake zimakhala zochepa ngati chimfine, kapena zoopsa ngati kuwonongeka kwa ziwalo kapena matenda a chitetezo chamthupi. Chifukwa mavairasi amagwiritsa ntchito maselo a anthu kuti abereke, mankhwala oletsa mavairasi ayenera kukhala apadera kwambiri kuti aletse kachilomboka popanda kuwononga maselo a wodwalayo.
Zitsanzo za matenda opatsirana ndi mavairasi
Matenda osiyanasiyana odziwika bwino amayamba chifukwa cha mavairasi, kuphatikizapo:
- Fuluwenza (kachilombo ka fuluwenza) komwe kamaukira njira zopumira,
– COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) yomwe ingayambitse matenda a kupuma komanso mavuto a m'thupi,
- Matenda a chiwindi a mtundu wa B ndi C omwe amakhudza chiwindi,
- Matenda a dengue (kachilombo ka dengue) amafalikira ndi udzudzu,
– Chikuku (kachilombo ka chikuku) komwe kamafalikira kwambiri,
- HIV imaukira chitetezo cha mthupi.
Zizindikiro za matenda opatsirana ndi mavairasi nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo kutentha thupi, kufooka, kupweteka kwa minofu, mphuno yotuluka madzi, chifuwa, kapena vuto la kugaya chakudya. Komabe, kachilombo kalikonse kali ndi makhalidwe ndi kuopsa kwake.
Kodi mabakiteriya ndi chiyani?
Mosiyana ndi mavairasi, mabakiteriya ndi zamoyo zokhala ndi selo imodzi (prokaryotic) zomwe zimatha kukhala paokha. Mabakiteriya ali ndi kapangidwe ka selo, khoma la selo, ndi nembanemba ya selo, ndipo amatha kuberekana pogawanitsa. Mabakiteriya ambiri ndi opindulitsa, ngakhale amakhala m'thupi la munthu ngati microbiota (monga m'matumbo ndi pakhungu), kuthandiza kugaya chakudya kapena kuteteza ku matenda opatsirana.
Komabe, mabakiteriya ena ndi oopsa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti angayambitse matenda. Matenda a bakiteriya nthawi zambiri amapezeka pamene mabakiteriya oopsa alowa m'thupi, n'kuchulukana, kenako n'kuwononga minofu kapena kupanga poizoni.
Zitsanzo za matenda a bakiteriya
Matenda ofala a bakiteriya ndi awa:
– TB (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) yomwe imaukira mapapo,
- Kupweteka pakhosi chifukwa cha Streptococcus pyogenes,
- Chibayo cha bakiteriya (monga Streptococcus pneumoniae),
- Matenda a mkodzo (UTI) nthawi zambiri amayamba chifukwa cha Escherichia coli,
– Typhus (Salmonella typhi),
- Cholera (Vibrio cholerae) yomwe imayambitsa kutsegula m'mimba kwambiri,
- Matenda a pakhungu monga zithupsa zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi Staphylococcus aureus.
Zizindikiro za matenda a bakiteriya zitha kukhala malungo, kupweteka kwa m'deralo, kutupa, kutuluka mafinya, chifuwa chokhuthala, kapena kutsegula m'mimba. Pa milandu yoopsa, mabakiteriyawa amatha kulowa m'magazi ndikuyambitsa sepsis, yomwe ndi ngozi yaikulu.
Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mavairasi ndi mabakiteriya
Ngakhale kuti zonsezi zingayambitse matenda, kusiyana pakati pa ziwirizi n’koonekeratu:
1. Kapangidwe ndi moyo
– Mavairasi: si maselo athunthu, ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito maselo omwe ali m'thupi kuti abereke.
– Mabakiteriya: maselo amoyo odziyimira pawokha, amatha kubereka okha.
2. Kuyankha kwa mankhwala
– Mavairasi: satha kuyankha maantibayotiki; ena amatha kuchiritsidwa ndi mankhwala enaake oletsa mavairasi.
– Mabakiteriya: nthawi zambiri amatha kuchiritsidwa ndi maantibayotiki, ngakhale kuti mtundu ndi mlingo wake ziyenera kukhala zolondola.
3. Momwe mungafalitsire
– Zonsezi zimatha kufalikira kudzera m'madontho a madzi (kutsokomola/kuyetsemula), kukhudzana mwachindunji, kudya ndi kumwa, magazi, kugonana, kapena tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga udzudzu. Komabe, njira yofalitsira matendawa imadalira mtundu wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
4. Kupewa
– Zonsezi zitha kupewedwa kudzera mu ukhondo wabwino, ukhondo, ndi katemera (wa matenda enaake). Katemera amapezeka kwambiri ndipo amagwira ntchito bwino pa matenda ambiri opatsirana ndi mavairasi, komanso pali katemera wa mabakiteriya monga tetanus ndi diphtheria.
Kodi mavairasi ndi mabakiteriya amayambitsa bwanji matenda?
Njira yopezera matenda a kachilombo
Mavairasi amayambitsa matenda chifukwa cha:
- Lowani m'maselo a thupi,
- Kudzibwerezabwereza,
- Kuwononga maselo mwachindunji kapena kuyambitsa chitetezo chamthupi chogwira ntchito mopitirira muyeso,
– Nthawi zina, kachilomboka kakhoza kukhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo kamayambitsa matenda osatha (monga chiwindi kapena HIV).
Mavuto a matenda opatsirana ndi mavairasi amatha kuchitika chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa minofu, kutupa kwa nthawi yayitali, kapena kuchepa kwa chitetezo chamthupi, zomwe zingayambitse matenda ena a bakiteriya.
Njira yopezera matenda a bakiteriya
Mabakiteriya amayambitsa matenda kudzera mu:
- Kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha mabakiteriya m'thupi,
- Kupanga poizoni (poizoni) zomwe zimawononga maselo,
- Kulowa kwa minofu komwe kumayambitsa kutupa ndi kupanga mafinya.
Mabakiteriya ena amatha kupanga ma biofilms kapena kukhala ndi makapisozi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chitetezo cha mthupi chizivutika kuthana nawo. Izi zitha kupangitsanso kuti chithandizo chikhale chovuta ngati maantibayotiki sanasankhidwe moyenera.
Kuzindikira ndi kuchiza: bwanji simuyenera kungomwa maantibayotiki?
Maganizo olakwika ambiri ndi akuti maantibayotiki ndi mankhwala a matenda onse. Komabe, maantibayotiki amangogwira ntchito motsutsana ndi mabakiteriya, osati mavairasi. Kugwiritsa ntchito maantibayotiki molakwika—monga chimfine, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimayamba chifukwa cha mavairasi—kungayambitse kusamvana ndi maantibayotiki, vuto lomwe mabakiteriya amakhala osamva mankhwalawo.
Kukana mankhwala opha tizilombo ndi vuto lapadziko lonse chifukwa limapangitsa kuti matenda a bakiteriya omwe kale anali ovuta kuchiza akhale ovuta kuchiza. Zotsatira zake, odwala angafunike mankhwala amphamvu komanso okwera mtengo omwe ali ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa kwambiri, komanso akhoza kulephera kulandira chithandizo.
Kuti adziwe chomwe chimayambitsa matendawa, ogwira ntchito zachipatala angagwiritse ntchito:
- Kuyezetsa matenda ndi mbiri yachipatala,
- Kuyezetsa magazi (monga zizindikiro za kutupa),
- Mayeso a Swab ndi PCR a ma virus ena,
- Kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya kuchokera m'magazi, mkodzo, kapena mkodzo,
- Kuyezetsa kwa X-ray ngati mukukayikira kuti pali matenda m'mapapo.
Chithandizo choyenera chimadalira chifukwa chake:
– Matenda opatsirana ndi mavairasi: kupuma mokwanira, madzi okwanira, mankhwala owonetsa zizindikiro (ochepetsa malungo), ndi mankhwala oletsa mavairasi ngati alipo komanso ngati pakufunika.
– Matenda a bakiteriya: maantibayotiki monga momwe zasonyezedwera, nthawi yoyenera ya chithandizo, ndi kuyang'anira zizindikiro.
Kupewa matenda m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku
Njira zodzitetezera zogwira mtima kuti muchepetse chiopsezo cha matenda opatsirana ndi mavairasi ndi mabakiteriya ndi izi:
1. Sambani m'manja mwanu ndi sopo ndi madzi othamanga, makamaka musanadye komanso mukapita kuchimbudzi.
2. Kutsokomola ndi kuyetsemula mwa kuphimba pakamwa/mphuno yanu pogwiritsa ntchito minofu kapena mkati mwa chigongono chanu.
3. Idyani chakudya choyera komanso chophikidwa bwino, ndipo imwani madzi abwino.
4. Sungani ukhondo wa chilengedwe ndi ukhondo wabwino.
5. Katemera motsatira ndondomeko (monga katemera wa ana, katemera wa chimfine, katemera wa chiwindi, ndi zina monga momwe zalangizidwira).
6. Valani chigoba ndipo pewani kukhudzana kwambiri ndi munthu amene akudwala, makamaka matenda opatsirana m'mapapo.
7. Gwiritsani ntchito maantibayotiki mwanzeru, pokhapokha ngati dokotala wakupatsani mankhwala kapena malangizo ochokera kwa dokotala.
Kutseka
Mavairasi ndi mabakiteriya ndi omwe amachititsa matenda mwa anthu, koma ali ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana, njira zowukira thupi, ndi mankhwala. Mavairasi amafuna maselo obwera kuti abereke ndipo sangachiritsidwe ndi maantibayotiki, pomwe mabakiteriya ndi zamoyo zodziyimira pawokha zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatha kuchiritsidwa ndi maantibayotiki zikagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera. Pomvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku, anthu amatha kudziwa zambiri poyankha matenda opatsirana: kutenga njira zopewera, kupewa mantha, komanso kupewa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala mosasamala. Maphunziro, ukhondo, ndi katemera akadali ofunikira kwambiri poletsa kufalikira kwa matenda opatsirana m'dera.
