Mitundu ya Katemera ndi Kugwira Ntchito Kwake
Katemera ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zachitika pa thanzi la anthu. Mwa kulimbikitsa chitetezo cha mthupi kuti chizindikire ndikulimbana ndi matenda opatsirana, katemera amathandiza kupewa matenda opatsirana, kuchepetsa matenda, komanso kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha mavuto aakulu ndi imfa. Komabe, nthawi zambiri pamakhala mafunso: ndi mitundu yanji ya katemera yomwe ilipo, imagwira ntchito bwanji, komanso ndi yothandiza bwanji (yogwira ntchito) poteteza thupi? Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mitundu ya katemera yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, lingaliro la kugwira ntchito bwino komanso zinthu zomwe zimakhudza.
Kodi mphamvu ya katemera ndi yotani?
Kugwira bwino ntchito kwa katemera ndi muyeso wa momwe katemera amatetezera matenda pansi pa mayeso azachipatala olamulidwa. Kugwira bwino ntchito nthawi zambiri kumafotokozedwa ngati peresenti. Monga chitsanzo chosavuta, kugwira bwino ntchito kwa 90% kumatanthauza kuti chiopsezo chotenga matendawa m'gulu lomwe lalandira katemera ndi chotsika kwambiri kuposa gulu lomwe silinalandire katemera mu kafukufukuyu. Mosiyana ndi kugwira bwino ntchito, mawu oti "kugwira bwino ntchito kwa katemera" amatanthauza momwe katemera amagwirira ntchito m'dziko lenileni, lomwe limakhudzidwa ndi kusiyana kwa anthu, kutsatira nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito katemera, kuzizira, komanso kutuluka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti ziwerengero zogwira ntchito sizimasonyeza nthawi zonse chitetezo ku zotsatira zonse za matenda. Katemera ambiri ndi othandiza kwambiri popewa matenda oopsa ndi imfa, ngakhale kuti mphamvu yawo pa matenda ofatsa kapena osawonetsa zizindikiro ndi yotsika. Chifukwa chake, kutanthauzira mphamvu kumafuna kuganizira za mapeto omwe akuyesedwa: matenda, zizindikiro, kugona m'chipatala, kapena imfa.
1) Katemera wamoyo wochepa mphamvu
Katemera wamoyo wochepetsedwa mphamvu amagwiritsa ntchito tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amoyo (mavairasi kapena mabakiteriya) omwe afooka kotero kuti samayambitsa matenda mwa anthu athanzi. Chifukwa chakuti amafanana ndi matenda achilengedwe, katemerayu nthawi zambiri amapanga chitetezo champhamvu komanso chokhalitsa, nthawi zambiri ndi mlingo umodzi kapena iwiri yokha.
Zitsanzo: katemera wa chikuku, nsabwe, kachilombo ka rotavirus, ndi katemera wina wa malungo achikasu.
Kugwira Ntchito: Kawirikawiri ndi kothandiza kwambiri popewa matenda omwe ali ndi zizindikiro komanso kukhala ndi chitetezo chamthupi cha nthawi yayitali. Komabe, katemerayu sakuvomerezeka kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lalikulu la chitetezo chamthupi kapena amayi apakati chifukwa cha chiopsezo chosowa cha matenda okhudzana ndi katemera.
Ubwino: chitetezo champhamvu cha mthupi, chitetezo chokhalitsa.
Zoyipa: imafuna kusungidwa mosamala, ndipo imaletsedwa m'magulu ena.
2) Katemera wosagwira ntchito (katemera wosagwira ntchito/waphedwa)
Katemera wosagwiritsidwa ntchito amapangidwa kuchokera ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe tafa chifukwa cha mankhwala kapena njira zakuthupi. Chifukwa chakuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sitingathe kubwerezabwereza, katemerayu nthawi zambiri amakhala otetezeka kwa magulu omwe ali ndi chitetezo chamthupi chofooka, koma nthawi zambiri amafunika milingo yambiri komanso zowonjezera kuti atetezeke.
Zitsanzo: katemera wa polio wosagwira ntchito (IPV), matenda a chiwindi A, matenda a chiwewe, ndi katemera wina wa chimfine.
Kugwira Ntchito: Kumasiyana, koma nthawi zambiri kumakhala kothandiza popewa matenda pokhapokha ngati nthawi yoperekera mankhwala yatsatiridwa. Katemera wina wosagwiritsidwa ntchito wakhala ndi mphamvu yowonjezera kwambiri pambuyo popereka mankhwala owonjezera.
Zabwino: zokhazikika, zotetezeka kwa magulu ambiri.
Zoyipa: chitetezo cha mthupi chingakhale chofooka poyerekeza ndi katemera wamoyo; chilimbikitso chikufunika.
3) Katemera wa subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, ndi conjugate
Gulu ili likuphatikizapo katemera omwe amagwiritsa ntchito magawo enaake a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (monga mapuloteni kapena ma capsular polysaccharides), osati chamoyo chonse. Chifukwa chakuti zigawo zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi zapadera, zotsatira zoyipa za thupi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochepa, koma mphamvu ndi nthawi ya chitetezo cha mthupi zimadalira kapangidwe ndi zinthu zina zowonjezera.
a) Katemera wa subunit/recombinant
Pogwiritsa ntchito mapuloteni enieni ochokera ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, nthawi zambiri amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa majini.
Zitsanzo: katemera wa chiwindi cha mtundu wa B, HPV, katemera wina wa acellular pertussis.
Kugwira ntchito bwino: nthawi zambiri kumakhala kokwanira popewa matenda omwe akufunidwa, makamaka ngati nthawi yonse yoperekera mankhwala ikutsatiridwa.
b) Katemera wa polysaccharide
Kugwiritsa ntchito ma polysaccharide ochokera ku makapisozi a bakiteriya. Mwa ana aang'ono, chitetezo cha mthupi chimayankha ma polysaccharide oyera osati abwino kwambiri.
Chitsanzo: katemera wa pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPSV23) m'magulu ena.
c) Katemera wa conjugate
Kuphatikiza ma polysaccharides ndi mapuloteni onyamula kuti chitetezo cha mthupi (kuphatikizapo makanda) chiyankhe mwamphamvu ndikupanga kukumbukira kwa chitetezo chamthupi.
Zitsanzo: Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b), PCV (pneumococcal conjugate), meningococcal conjugate.
Kugwira ntchito bwino: kumathandiza kwambiri kuchepetsa matenda opatsirana, makamaka kwa ana, ndipo kungathandizenso kuchepetsa kufalikira kwa matendawa kudzera mu chitetezo cha m'thupi.
4) Katemera wa Toxoid
Matenda ena oopsa amayamba chifukwa cha poizoni wopangidwa ndi mabakiteriya osati mabakiteriya enieniwo. Katemera wa Toxoid amagwiritsa ntchito poizoni wosagwira ntchito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti asavulale koma amatha kuyambitsa kupanga ma antibodies oletsa poizoni.
Zitsanzo: diphtheria ndi tetanus (nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizidwa pamodzi ndi DPT/DTaP/Tdap).
Kugwira ntchito bwino: kumateteza kwambiri matenda oopsa omwe amabwera chifukwa cha poizoni, koma kumafuna kuwonjezeredwa nthawi ndi nthawi chifukwa chitetezo cha mthupi chimatha kuchepa pakapita nthawi.
Ubwino: yothandiza kwambiri polimbana ndi mavuto aakulu.
Zoyipa: kufunikira zowonjezera zomwe zakonzedwa.
5) Katemera wochokera ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
Katemerayu amagwiritsa ntchito kachilombo kena, "kopanda vuto" ngati njira yonyamulira majini omwe amabisa ma antigen a kachilombo komwe kamayambitsa matendawa. Kenako maselo a thupi amapanga ma antigen amenewa, zomwe zimayambitsa chitetezo cha mthupi.
Chitsanzo: Katemera wina wa COVID-19 amachokera ku adenovirus.
Kugwira ntchito bwino: kungakhale kokwera kwambiri, makamaka popewa matenda oopsa. Komabe, kugwira ntchito bwino polimbana ndi matenda kungakhudzidwe ndi chitetezo chamthupi chomwe chinalipo kale ku ventricle (monga momwe zinalili kale ndi adenovirus), komanso kusintha kwa mtundu wa kachilombo komwe kakufalikira.
Ubwino: zimayambitsa mayankho abwino a chitetezo chamthupi komanso cha m'maselo.
Zoyipa: mavuto a chitetezo cha mthupi, komanso kufunika kwa njira zoyenera zolimbikitsira.
6) katemera wa mRNA
Katemera wa mRNA amakhala ndi malangizo a majini (mRNA) kuti maselo a thupi apange ma antigen enaake (monga mapuloteni a pamwamba pa mavairasi). MRNA silowa mu selo ndipo imawonongeka ikagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ukadaulo uwu umalola kuti katemera apangidwe mwachangu komanso mosinthasintha.
Chitsanzo: katemera wina wa COVID-19.
Kugwira Ntchito: Mu mayeso oyamba azachipatala motsutsana ndi mitundu ina, kugwira ntchito bwino kumatha kukhala kokwera kwambiri popewa matenda omwe ali ndi zizindikiro. M'machitidwe, magwiridwe antchito amatha kusintha kutengera kubuka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana, nthawi pakati pa katemera, ndi zochitika za munthu aliyense. Komabe, chitetezo ku kugona m'chipatala ndi imfa nthawi zambiri chimakhala champhamvu, makamaka pambuyo pa chithandizo cha booster.
Ubwino: kukula msanga, chitetezo chamthupi chimayankha mwamphamvu.
Zoyipa: zofunikira zina zosungiramo zinthu zozizira (kutengera mtundu wa chinthucho), komanso mphamvu yake ingachepe poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina yosakonzedwa.
Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kugwira ntchito bwino komanso kugwira ntchito bwino
1. Ukalamba ndi matenda: Okalamba kapena anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a chitetezo chamthupi akhoza kukhala ndi mphamvu yochepa ya ma antibodies.
2. Mlingo ndi nthawi yopezera chithandizo: Katemera ambiri amafunika mlingo wonse kuti atetezedwe bwino.
3. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya matenda: Kusintha kwa maselo kumasintha antigen kotero kuti ma antibodies sangathe kuizindikira.
4. Njira yoperekera katemera mozizira: Njira zosungira ndi jakisoni zimakhudza ubwino wa katemera.
5. Nthawi yoti munthu alandire katemera: Chitetezo cha mthupi chingachepe (kuchepa kwa chitetezo cha mthupi), kotero chilimbikitso ndi chofunikira.
6. Mapeto oyezedwa: Kugwira ntchito bwino polimbana ndi matenda n'kosiyana ndi kugwira ntchito bwino polimbana ndi matenda oopsa.
Mapeto
Katemera amasiyana kwambiri, kuyambira katemera wamoyo wofooka mpaka katemera wa mRNA, aliyense ali ndi ubwino wake, zofooka zake, komanso mawonekedwe ake ogwira ntchito. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku kumatithandiza kuwunika bwino zambiri za katemera. Kugwira ntchito bwino kwambiri sikokhako komwe kumayesa kupambana kwake; chofunika kwambiri ndi kuthekera kwa katemera kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda oopsa, zovuta zake, ndi imfa, komanso kuthandiza kwake ku chitetezo chamthupi. Ndi chithandizo chabwino cha katemera komanso nthawi yoyenera yowonjezera, katemera amakhalabe njira yothandiza kwambiri yothanirana ndi matenda opatsirana m'magulu osiyanasiyana.
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kusintha nkhaniyi kuti igwirizane ndi nkhani ya ku Indonesia (mwachitsanzo, kuphatikiza chitsanzo cha pulogalamu yonse yoyambira yopereka katemera) kapena kusintha kalembedwe kake kuti kakhale kophunzirira bwino, kodzaza ndi maumboni.
