Njira yopangira chingwe cha ntchito zoyendera
Zingwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala "zosaoneka", komabe zimakhala ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakutsimikiza kudalirika kwa njira zamakono zoyendera. M'sitima, m'mabasi a trolleybus, m'zombo, komanso m'ndege, zingwe zimatumiza mphamvu, zimatumiza zizindikiro zowongolera, zimalumikiza masensa, zimathandiza njira zolumikizirana, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zida zotetezera zikugwira ntchito bwino. Chifukwa cha malo ovuta ogwirira ntchito - kugwedezeka, chinyezi, kusintha kwa kutentha, kuwonetsedwa ndi mankhwala, komanso zoopsa zamoto - zingwe zoyendetsera ntchito zimapangidwa motsatira miyezo yokhwima kuposa zingwe zachizolowezi. Nkhaniyi ikuwunika magawo a njira yopangira zingwe zoyendetsera ntchito zoyendera, kuyambira pakupanga mpaka kuyesa komaliza.
1. Kapangidwe ndi ukadaulo
Njira yopangira nthawi zonse imayamba ndi gawo lopangira kutengera zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito. Gulu la mainjiniya limasankha magawo ofunikira monga magetsi ogwiritsira ntchito, mphamvu yamagetsi, mtundu wa chizindikiro (mphamvu, deta, kulamulira), kuchuluka kwa mafunde, mulingo wosinthasintha, utali wocheperako wopindika, ndi momwe zinthu zilili. Mwachitsanzo, zingwe zomwe zili m'zitseko za sitima zokha zimafuna kupindika mobwerezabwereza ndi kukana kukanda, pomwe zingwe zomwe zili m'zitseko zokokera zimafuna mphamvu yonyamula mphamvu yamagetsi yambiri komanso kukana kutentha kwambiri.
Pa gawoli, miyezo ndi malamulo oyenera akhazikitsidwanso. Chitetezo cha moto n'chofunika kwambiri mu gawo la zoyendera, kotero zofunikira monga utsi wochepa, kusakhala ndi halogen, ndi choletsa moto nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwirizanitsa kwamagetsi (EMC) kumaganiziridwa kuti kupewe kusokoneza machitidwe owongolera ndi kulumikizana.
2. Kusankha zipangizo zopangira
Pambuyo poti zofunikirazo zatsirizidwa, wopanga amasankha zipangizo zoyenera.
1. Kondakitala: Mkuwa nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa cha mphamvu yake yoyendetsa bwino komanso kulimba kwake, kapena aluminiyamu pazinthu zina zomwe zimafuna kulemera kopepuka. Kuti ziwonjezere kusinthasintha, kondakitala nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zingwe zambiri komanso mainchesi ochepa.
2. Kuteteza: Zipangizo zotetezera kutentha zimasankhidwa kutengera mphamvu ya magetsi ndi kutentha. Ma polima monga XLPE, PVC yapadera, PE, kapena elastomers (monga EPR) amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Mu mayendedwe amakono, zipangizo zotsika utsi, zero-halogen (LSZH) nthawi zambiri zimasankhidwa chifukwa zimachepetsa chiopsezo cha utsi woopsa panthawi yamoto.
3. Chikwama/jekete: Gawo lakunja liyenera kukhala lolimba ku kukanda, mafuta, mafuta, UV, ndi nyengo, kutengera momwe likugwiritsidwira ntchito. Pa ntchito za sitima ndi magalimoto, jekete lolimba kukana moto komanso lolimba kukana mafuta ndilofunika kwambiri.
4. Chishango ndi chitetezo: Ngati chingwe chili ndi zizindikiro zobisika, chitetezo (choluka cha mkuwa, cholembera cha aluminiyamu) chikhoza kuwonjezeredwa kuti chichepetse kusokonezeka kwa maginito. Pa ntchito zolemera kapena madera omwe amatha kugunda, chingwecho chikhoza kutetezedwa (monga tepi yachitsulo) kuti chiwonjezere mphamvu ya makina.
3. Njira yojambulira waya
Zipangizo zoyendetsera magetsi nthawi zambiri zimakhala ngati ndodo zamkuwa. Kenako ndodozi zimakonzedwa kukhala mawaya ang'onoang'ono m'mimba mwake pogwiritsa ntchito makina ojambula waya. Njirayi imachitika pang'onopang'ono kudzera mu ma dies angapo kuti ikwaniritse kukula komwe mukufuna popanda kuwononga kapangidwe ka chitsulo.
Pa gawo ili, kutenthetsa (kutenthetsa kolamulidwa) kungachitikenso kuti kubwezeretsa mphamvu ya mkuwa pambuyo poti yawonongeka panthawi yotambasula. Kusinthasintha ndikofunikira kuti chingwe chisasweke mosavuta chikapindika kapena kugwedezeka.
4. Njira yokhazikika: kupangidwa kwa kondakitala wapakati
Kenako mawaya opyapyala amapindidwa (kupindidwa) kukhala kondakitala imodzi yokhala ndi kukula kwake kopingasa, mwachitsanzo 1,5 mm², 2,5 mm², kapena kukulirapo pa zingwe zamagetsi. Kapangidwe kopindika kamapangidwira kuti kondakitala ikhale yosinthasintha, yokhazikika, komanso yolimba ku kusintha. Pazofunikira zosinthika monga zingwe zomwe zimasuntha mobwerezabwereza (monga zitseko za sitima, ma bogies, kapena makina onyamulira), mtundu wa kondakitala ukhoza kukhala wovuta kwambiri kupirira kuzungulira kopindika kambirimbiri.
Kuwongolera khalidwe pa gawoli kumaphatikizapo kuyeza kukana kwa kondakitala, kukhazikika kwa m'mimba mwake, ndikuwona kuyera kwa kupindika.
5. Kutulutsa kwa insulation
Gawo lotsatira ndikugwiritsa ntchito chotenthetsera pogwiritsa ntchito njira yotulutsira. Zinthu za polima zimatenthedwa mpaka kukhala pulasitiki kenako n’kukanikiza kudzera mu chotenthetsera kuti apange chotenthetsera chomwe chimaphimba kondakitala. Kukhuthala kwa chotenthetsera kuyenera kukhala kofanana chifukwa kumakhudza mphamvu ya dielectric, chitetezo, ndi miyeso yomaliza ya chingwe.
Pa zipangizo zina, monga XLPE, njira yolumikizirana imafunika kuti chotenthetseracho chikhale cholimba komanso kuti chikhale cholimba. Pambuyo potuluka mu chotulutsira, chingwecho chimaziziritsidwa bwino, nthawi zambiri m'bafa loziziritsidwa ndi madzi, kenako n’kuumitsa ndipo kukula kwake kumawunikidwa.
6. Makonzedwe ndi kudzaza kwa ma core ambiri (ma waya)
Ngati chingwecho chili ndi ma cores angapo (multi-core), ma cores angapo otetezedwa amasonkhanitsidwa ndikupotozedwa pamodzi malinga ndi kapangidwe kake. Pa siteji iyi, opanga amatha kuwonjezera tepi yodzaza kapena kukulunga kuti atsimikizire kuti mawonekedwe a chingwecho ndi ozungulira, okhazikika, komanso osavuta kupaka ndi jekete lakunja. Mu zingwe za data kapena zowongolera, ma cores awiriawiri amatha kupotozedwa kuti achepetse phokoso ndikukweza mtundu wa kutumiza kwa chizindikiro.
Pa ntchito zoyendera, kukhazikika kwa geometric ndi kulamulira kulekerera ndikofunikira chifukwa nthawi zambiri kuyika kumachitika m'malo otsekedwa okhala ndi ma waya ataliatali komanso ovuta kugwiritsa ntchito.
7. Kukhazikitsa zishango ndi zida zankhondo (ngati kuli kofunikira)
Chotsatira ndi kukhazikitsa zotchingira zamagetsi kapena zotchingira makina:
– Chophimba chimapereka chitetezo chofunikira ku zosokoneza, nthawi zambiri chimaphatikizidwa ndi waya wothira madzi kuti chilumikizidwe pansi.
- Kuluka kwa mkuwa kumapereka chitetezo champhamvu cha EMC ndipo kumawonjezera kukana kwa makina.
- Zida zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zingwe zomwe zitha kukhudzidwa ndi katundu wambiri, kukangana, kapena chiopsezo chobowoledwa.
Kusankha zotetezera ndi zida kumakhudzidwa ndi malo oyika: zingwe zomwe zili mu injini kapena kunja kwa galimoto zimafuna chitetezo chapamwamba kuposa zingwe zomwe zili mu gulu lowongolera mkati.
8. Kutulutsa jekete lakunja
Kapangidwe ka pakati kakatha, chingwecho chimapatsidwa jekete lakunja kudzera mu extrusion. Jekete ili limagwira ntchito ngati "chishango" chachikulu choteteza chilengedwe: madzi, mafuta, mafuta, kutentha, malawi, ndi kusweka. Pa ntchito za njanji, zingwe nthawi zambiri zimafunika kuti zikhale zoletsa moto komanso zosatulutsa utsi wambiri; m'magalimoto amagetsi, jeketeli liyeneranso kupirira kutentha kwambiri komanso kukhala logwirizana ndi nthawi yochajira.
Pa gawo lotulutsa jekete, kuzindikira chingwe nthawi zambiri kumasindikizidwanso pamwamba, monga kukula, mtundu, muyezo wofotokozera, nambala ya batch, ndi kutalika kwa mita.
9. Kuyesa kwaubwino ndi chitetezo
Zingwe zonyamulira siziyenera kulephera kugwira ntchito, kotero kuyesa kumakhala kovuta kwambiri. Kawirikawiri kumaphatikizapo:
- Mayeso amagetsi: kukana kwa kondakitala, mayeso a voltage yosweka (kupirira), mayeso a insulation, ndi pa zingwe zina, mayeso a impedance kapena ma transmission.
- Mayeso a makina: mayeso okakamiza, mayeso obwerezabwereza opindika, mayeso obisala, mayeso ophwanya, ndi mayeso ogwedera (makamaka pa ntchito zosinthika).
- Mayeso a kutentha ndi chilengedwe: kukalamba kutentha, kukana kutentha pang'ono, kukana mafuta/mankhwala, chinyezi, ndi mayeso a UV akagwiritsidwa ntchito panja.
- Kuyesa moto: kufalikira kwa malawi, kuchuluka kwa utsi, ndi mpweya wowononga (kuti muwonetsetse kuti utsi ndi wochepa komanso wopanda halogen ngati pakufunika).
Zotsatira za mayeso zimalembedwa ngati gawo la kulondola. Manambala a magulu amalola kuti chinthu chomalizidwa chidziwikenso ku zinthu zopangira ndi magawo a njira yopangira.
10. Kumaliza, kulongedza, ndi kugawa
Pambuyo popambana mayeso, chingwecho chimadulidwa kutalika koyenera kapena zofunikira kwa makasitomala kenako chimakulungidwa pa ma reel kapena ma drum. Mapaketi ayenera kuteteza chingwecho ku kusintha, chinyezi, ndi kuwonongeka panthawi yonyamula. Zolemba za chinthucho zimalemba zofunikira, kutalika, tsiku lopangira, ndi zambiri zowunikira.
Kwa makasitomala amakampani oyendetsa mayendedwe, opanga amathanso kupereka zikalata zothandizira monga satifiketi yoyesera, kulengeza kuti akutsatira miyezo, ndi malangizo okhazikitsa kuti atsimikizire kuti chingwe chikugwira ntchito bwino m'munda.
Kutseka
Njira yopangira zingwe zoyendetsera ntchito zoyendera ndi njira yolondola yomwe imaphatikiza mapangidwe, kusankha zinthu zapadera, kupanga magawo ambiri, ndi kuyesa kolimba. Gawo lililonse—kuyambira kujambula mawaya, kulumikiza zingwe, kutulutsa zotenthetsera, kusonkhanitsa ma core ambiri, kuteteza, ndi kuyika jekete lakunja—zimathandizira cholinga chimodzi chachikulu: kupanga chingwe chomwe chili chotetezeka, cholimba, komanso chodalirika pansi pa mikhalidwe yovuta yogwirira ntchito. Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa magetsi ndi automation mu gawo la zoyendera, kufunikira kwa zingwe zogwira ntchito bwino kudzapitirira kukula, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kupanga bwino komanso kuwongolera koyenera kukhale kofunika kwambiri.
