Mitundu ya Ma polima: Zipangizo Zosiyanasiyana Zomwe Zikusintha Dziko Lonse
Ma polima ndi mankhwala opangidwa ndi mamolekyu akuluakulu opangidwa ndi kusintha mamolekyu ang'onoang'ono otchedwa ma monoma. Ma polima amabwera m'njira zosiyanasiyana ndipo ali ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti akhale zinthu zosinthasintha kwambiri. M'nkhaniyi, tifufuza mitundu yodziwika bwino ya ma polima, momwe amagwirira ntchito, ndi momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku.
Ma polima achilengedwe ndi opanga
Ma polima akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri akuluakulu: ma polima achilengedwe ndi ma polima opangidwa. Ma polima achilengedwe ndi omwe amapezeka m'chilengedwe, pomwe ma polima opangidwa ndi omwe amapangidwa kudzera mu njira zamakemikolo m'ma laboratories kapena m'mafakitale.
Ma polima achilengedwe
Ma polima achilengedwe amapezeka mu zinthu zambiri zachilengedwe zomwe anthu akhala akugwiritsa ntchito kwa zaka masauzande ambiri. Zitsanzo zina zofunika za ma polima achilengedwe ndi izi:
1. Cellulose: Polima iyi yomwe imapezeka m'makoma a maselo a zomera ndi chinthu chochuluka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Cellulose imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapepala, makatoni, ndi nsalu zina.
2. Keratin: Puloteni iyi ya polima imapezeka mu ubweya wa nyama, misomali, ndi nyanga. Mphamvu zake zolimba komanso zokhazikika zimapangitsa keratin kukhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa kapangidwe kake.
3. Rabala Yachilengedwe: Yochokera ku madzi a mtengo wa rabala (Hevea brasiliensis), rabala yachilengedwe imakhala ndi kusinthasintha kwakukulu ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo matayala ndi zida zachipatala.
4. Nucleic Acids (DNA ndi RNA): Ma polima omwe amasunga chidziwitso cha majini m'maselo a zamoyo. Amapangidwa ndi ma nucleotide omwe amapanga maunyolo ataliatali a mamolekyu.
Ma polima Opangidwa
Ndi kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo, ma polima opangidwa akhala gawo lofunika kwambiri m'moyo wamakono. Mitundu ina yodziwika bwino ya ma polima opangidwa ndi:
1. Polyethylene (PE): Imodzi mwa ma polima opangidwa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga matumba apulasitiki, mabotolo, ndi zinthu zina zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku.
2. Polypropylene (PP): Ili ndi mphamvu komanso kukana mankhwala. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana monga ziwiya za chakudya, zoseweretsa, ndi zida zapakhomo.
3. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): Polima iyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapaipi, zingwe zamagetsi, ndi zipangizo zina zomangira. Kukana kwake madzi ndi moto kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yotchuka kwambiri m'mafakitale.
4. Polystyrene (PS): Imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma CD a chakudya, zida zapakhomo, ndi zinthu zina za tsiku ndi tsiku.
5. Polyamide (Nayiloni): Yodziwika chifukwa cha mphamvu zake komanso [yosagwa] (. Nayiloni idayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa silika m'ma parachuti kenako m'zovala ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana zamafakitale.
Ma polima a Thermoplastic ndi Thermosetting
Kuwonjezera pa magulu awo oyambira, ma polima amathanso kusiyanitsidwa ndi momwe amachitira ndi kutentha. Pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu: thermoplastics ndi thermosets.
Thermoplastic
Ma polima a thermoplastic amasungunuka akatenthedwa ndipo amalimbanso akazizira. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kubwezeretsanso. Zitsanzo zina za ma polima a thermoplastic ndi izi:
1. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS): Imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zoseweretsa, zida zamagalimoto, ndi ziwiya zakukhitchini. Chida ichi chimadziwika ndi mphamvu zake komanso kukhazikika kwake.
2. Polycarbonate (PC): Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magalasi a maso, ma CD, ndi zida zamagetsi. Polycarbonate imakhala yowonekera bwino komanso yolimba.
Thermoset
Ma polima a thermoset sangasungunukenso atatenthedwa ndi kuuma koyamba. Amapanga kapangidwe kolimba kwambiri komanso kolimba. Zitsanzo zina za ma polima a thermosetting ndi izi:
1. Bakelite: Imodzi mwa ma polima oyamba okonza thermosetting omwe adapangidwa. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zida zamagetsi, ma switch, ndi ma potholder chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zabwino kwambiri zotetezera magetsi.
2. Epoxy: Imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zomatira zolimba, zophimba zoteteza, ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Epoxy imadziwika kuti imakana mankhwala, kutentha, ndi mphamvu ya zomatira.
Ma polima a Uinjiniya
Ma polima aukadaulo ndi ma polima okhala ndi mphamvu zabwino kwambiri zamakanika, kutentha, komanso mankhwala. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zomwe zimafuna kulimba komanso kukhazikika. Zitsanzo za ma polima aukadaulo ndi izi:
1. Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK): Polima iyi ili ndi kukana kutentha kwambiri komanso kukana mankhwala abwino kwambiri. Ntchito zake zimaphatikizapo zida za ndege, zida zamankhwala, ndi ntchito zamagalimoto.
2. Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS): Yodziwika kuti ndi yolimba chifukwa cha mankhwala ndi makina, PPS imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale a magalimoto, zamagetsi, ndi zipangizo zapakhomo.
elastomer
Ma Elastomer ndi mtundu wa polima wokhala ndi kusinthasintha kwakukulu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti masinthidwe asinthe kwambiri popanda kusweka kapena kusweka. Ma Elastomer amatha kubwerera ku mawonekedwe awo oyambirira atatambasulidwa kapena kupindika. Zitsanzo zina za ma elastomer ndi izi:
1. Mphira Wopangidwa: Monga mphira wa nitrile ndi mphira wa silicone, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magalimoto, zamankhwala, ndi mafakitale chifukwa cha kukana kwawo mafuta, kutentha, ndi mankhwala.
2. Polyurethane (PU): Imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu thovu, zomatira, ndi zokutira. Polyurethane imapirira bwino kuwonongeka ndi kusinthika.
Zosakaniza za Polima
Zopangidwa ndi polima ndi zinthu zopangidwa pophatikiza ma polima ndi ulusi kapena tinthu tating'onoting'ono tosiyanasiyana kuti tipeze zinthu zabwino kwambiri. Zitsanzo za zopangidwa ndi polima ndi izi:
1. Ulusi wa Carbon: Umagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ndege, magalimoto, ndi masewera chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zambiri komanso kulemera kwake kopepuka.
2. Fiberglass: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga maboti, zida zamagalimoto, ndi zinthu zapakhomo.
Polima Yoyendetsa
Ma polima oyendetsera magetsi ndi ma polima omwe ali ndi mphamvu zoyendetsera magetsi. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zamagetsi ndi masensa. Zitsanzo za ma polima oyendetsera magetsi ndi izi:
1. Polypyrrole: Imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ntchito za masensa ndi zinthu zosungira mphamvu.
2. Polyaniline: Yothandiza mu ma antenna, zowonetsera zogwira, ndi zida zamagetsi zosinthasintha.
Mapeto
Ma polima ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa moyo wathu wamakono. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi mbali iliyonse ya miyoyo yathu, kuyambira zovala ndi chakudya mpaka mankhwala komanso zinthu zina zamakono. Podziwa bwino mitundu ya ma polima ndi momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito, titha kuzindikira kufunika kwa zinthuzi pakupanga dziko lamakono. Zatsopano m'munda wa ma polima zikupitirira, zikulonjeza kupeza zinthu zatsopano za zinthu zolimba, zopepuka, komanso zosawononga chilengedwe mtsogolo.
