Chitetezo cha Mthupi ndi Matenda Ake
Pendauluan
Chitetezo cha mthupi cha munthu ndi chitetezo chachilengedwe chomwe chimapangidwa kuti chiteteze thupi ku zoopsa zosiyanasiyana zakunja, monga mabakiteriya, mavairasi, bowa, ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Dongosololi limapangidwa ndi netiweki yovuta ya maselo, mapuloteni, ziwalo, ndi minofu yomwe imagwira ntchito limodzi kuti imenyane ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timalowa m'thupi. Komabe, monga machitidwe ena m'thupi, chitetezo cha mthupi sichigwira ntchito bwino nthawi zonse. Nkhaniyi ikambirana za chitetezo cha mthupi, momwe chimagwirira ntchito, ndi matenda ena omwe angachitike.
Chitetezo cha Mthupi: Momwe Chimagwirira Ntchito
Chitetezo cha mthupi chimakhala ndi zigawo ziwiri zazikulu: chitetezo chamthupi chokhazikika ndi chitetezo chosinthika. Chitetezo chamthupi chokhazikika ndiye mzere woyamba wa chitetezo ndipo sichimasiyana ndi china chilichonse. Gawoli limaphatikizapo khungu, nembanemba ya mucous, ndi maselo oyera ena monga macrophages ndi neutrophils, omwe ali ndi udindo womeza ndikuwononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Kumbali ina, chitetezo chosinthika ndi njira yachiwiri yodzitetezera yomwe imakhala yeniyeni kwambiri motsutsana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda enaake. Imakhala ndi ma lymphocyte a B ndi T, omwe amatha kukumbukira ndikupereka chitetezo champhamvu komanso chachangu akakumananso ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timeneti. Ma antibodies opangidwa ndi maselo a B ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la chitetezo chosinthika ichi.
Mitundu ya Matenda a Chitetezo cha Mthupi
Matenda a chitetezo chamthupi amayamba pamene chitetezo chamthupi chalephera kugwira ntchito bwino. Matendawa akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu atatu akuluakulu: kusowa kwa chitetezo chamthupi, chitetezo chamthupi chokha, ndi matenda a hypersensitivity (allergy).
1. Kusowa kwa chitetezo chamthupi
Kusowa kwa chitetezo chamthupi kumachitika pamene mbali ina ya chitetezo chamthupi sichikugwira ntchito bwino kapena sichikugwira ntchito bwino. Vutoli likhoza kukhala loyamba (lobadwa nalo) kapena lachiwiri (lopezeka).
– Kusowa kwa Chitetezo Chamthupi Chachikulu: Matenda a majini omwe nthawi zambiri amakhalapo kuyambira kubadwa. Chitsanzo ndi Kusowa Kwambiri kwa Chitetezo Chamthupi Champhamvu (SCID), komwe odwala alibe kapena alibe maselo a chitetezo chamthupi ochepa kwambiri kapena osagwira ntchito bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti akhale pachiwopsezo chachikulu chotenga matenda.
– Kusowa kwa chitetezo chamthupi kwachiwiri: Kumachitika chifukwa cha zinthu zakunja monga matenda, mankhwala, kapena matenda ena. Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino ndi Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), yomwe imayamba chifukwa cha kachilombo ka HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). Pankhaniyi, kachilomboka kamaukira maselo a T, omwe ndi ofunikira kuti chitetezo chamthupi chizigwira ntchito moyenera.
2. Kudziteteza ku matenda a autoimmune
Kudziteteza ku matenda a autoimmune ndi vuto lomwe chitetezo cha mthupi chimaukira maselo ndi minofu yake yathanzi ngati kuti ndi chiwopsezo. Chifukwa chenicheni cha kudziteteza ku matenda a autoimmune sichikudziwika bwino, koma majini, chilengedwe, ndi mahomoni zimachitapo kanthu.
– Matenda a Nyamakazi (RA): Matenda a chitetezo chamthupi omwe chitetezo chamthupi chimaukira mafupa, zomwe zimayambitsa kutupa, kupweteka, komanso kuwonongeka kosatha ngati sichinachiritsidwe.
– Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): Imakhudza ziwalo zosiyanasiyana m'thupi, zomwe zimayambitsa zizindikiro monga kutopa kwambiri, kupweteka kwa mafupa, ndi ziphuphu pakhungu.
– Matenda a Shuga a Mtundu 1: Matenda omwe chitetezo cha mthupi chimaukira maselo a beta a kapamba omwe amapanga insulin, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti insulin ichepe komanso kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kukwere.
3. Matenda Okhudzana ndi Kuchuluka kwa Mphamvu (Allergies)
Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya thupi ndi kuyankha kwachilendo kwa chitetezo cha mthupi ku chinthu chomwe nthawi zambiri sichimavulaza. Ziwengo ndi chitsanzo chofala cha kusagwirizana ndi mankhwala.
– Ziwengo Za Chakudya: Kuyambitsa chitetezo cha mthupi ku zakudya zina monga mtedza, nsomba zam'madzi, kapena mkaka, kungayambitse zizindikiro kuyambira kuzizira pang'ono mpaka kukomoka kwambiri.
– Mphumu Yoyambitsa Matenda: Matenda omwe amachititsa kuti mpweya uzitupa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya uzichepa komanso zizindikiro monga kupuma movutikira komanso kukhosomola.
Kuzindikira ndi Kuchiza
Kuti muthane ndi matenda a chitetezo chamthupi, kupeza matenda oyenera n'kofunika kwambiri. Izi nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo mbiri yakale, kufufuza thupi, ndi mayeso angapo a labotale, monga kuyezetsa magazi, kuti muwone momwe chitetezo chamthupi chimagwirira ntchito.
Chithandizo ndi mankhwala zimadalira mtundu ndi kuopsa kwa matenda a chitetezo chamthupi.
– Kusowa kwa chitetezo chamthupi: Odwala angafunike immunoglobulin kudzera m'mitsempha kuti alowe m'malo mwa ma antibodies omwe akusowa, chithandizo cha majini, kapena ngakhale kuyika maselo oyambira kuti akonze zolakwika za majini zomwe anatengera.
– Kudziteteza ku matenda a autoimmune: Chithandizo nthawi zambiri chimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oletsa chitetezo chamthupi kuti achepetse chitetezo chamthupi ndikuletsa kuwonongeka kwa minofu. Corticosteroids ndi mankhwala oletsa kutupa omwe si a steroid nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa kutupa ndi ululu.
– Ziwengo: Chithandizo chimaphatikizapo kupewa zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa ziwengo, mankhwala oletsa kutupa, mankhwala ochepetsa kutupa a mphumu, ndi epinephrine pazochitika zazikulu za anaphylactic.
Kupewa
Ngakhale kuti matenda ena a chitetezo chamthupi ndi a majini ndipo sangapewedwe, pali njira zomwe mungachite kuti chitetezo chamthupi chanu chikhale chathanzi komanso kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda.
– Moyo Wathanzi: Zakudya zoyenera, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi nthawi zonse, kugona mokwanira, komanso kuchepetsa kupsinjika maganizo ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri kuti chitetezo chamthupi chikhale chathanzi.
– Katemera: Kulandira katemera woyenera kungateteze thupi ku matenda ambiri opatsirana omwe angayambitse mavuto aakulu.
– Ukhondo Wanu: Kukhala ndi zizolowezi zaukhondo monga kusamba m'manja nthawi zonse kumachepetsa mwayi woti mutengeke ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Mapeto
Chitetezo cha mthupi chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakusunga thanzi komanso kupewa matenda. Komabe, zovuta m'thupi zimatha kuyambitsa mavuto osiyanasiyana azaumoyo, kuyambira matenda obwerezabwereza mpaka matenda odziteteza ku matenda ndi ziwengo. Kumvetsetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya matenda odziteteza ku thupi komanso momwe tingawathanire kumatithandiza kukhala tcheru komanso kuchitapo kanthu kuti tikhale ndi thanzi labwino. Kudzera mu matenda oyenera komanso chithandizo choyenera, matenda ambiri odziteteza ku thupi amatha kuthetsedwa, zomwe zimathandiza odwala kukhala ndi moyo wabwino komanso wathanzi.
