Kukonzekera Malo Musanabzale Mbewu
Kukonzekera malo musanabzale ndi sitepe yofunika kwambiri yomwe nthawi zambiri imatsimikizira kupambana kwa kulima. Malo okonzedwa bwino amathandizira kukula kwa mizu, kusunga madzi ndi michere, kuletsa udzu ndi tizilombo, komanso kumapangitsa zomera kukhala zolimba ku kusintha kwa nyengo. Alimi ambiri atsopano amabzala popanda kukonzekera mokwanira, ngakhale kuti ntchito yoyambayi ingachepetse ndalama zosamalira ndikuletsa zokolola zochepa. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza njira zokonzekera malo motsatizana komanso moyenera kuti akonzekere kubzala, kaya minda ya ndiwo zamasamba, mbewu za chakudya, kapena ulimi wamaluwa.
1. Dziwani momwe nthaka ilili komanso zolinga zobzala
Musanapange pulau kapena kulima, gawo loyamba ndikuwunika momwe nthaka ilili. Dziwani kapangidwe ka nthaka (yamchenga, dongo, kapena loamy), mtundu wa nthaka, kuchuluka kwa chinyezi, komanso ngati nthakayo imasefukira kapena imauma mwachangu. Dziwaninso malo otsetsereka a nthaka, chifukwa izi zimakhudza chiopsezo cha kukokoloka kwa nthaka. Kuphatikiza apo, dziwani zolinga zobzala: kaya mubzale mbewu zapachaka monga tsabola, tomato, chimanga, mpunga wouma, kapena mbewu zosatha monga zipatso. Zofunikira pakukonzekera nthaka ya mtundu uliwonse wa chomera zimatha kusiyana, makamaka pankhani ya kuya kwa ulimi, kapangidwe ka bedi, ndi zofunikira za organic.
Ngati n'kotheka, chitani mayeso osavuta a nthaka. Kuyesa kwa pH kungachitike ndi pepala la litmus kapena mita ya pH ya nthaka. Zomera zambiri zimakula bwino pa pH ya 5,5–7,0. Nthaka yomwe ili ndi asidi wambiri kapena alkaline kwambiri imaletsa kuyamwa kwa michere. Mukadziwa pH, mutha kukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito laimu waulimi (dolomite) kapena zosintha zina moyenera.
2. Kuchotsa udzu ndi zotsalira za zomera m'nthaka
Gawo lotsatira ndi kuyeretsa nthaka. Chotsani udzu, zitsamba, ndi zotsalira za mbewu zakale. Ngati sizikutetezedwa, udzu udzakhala mpikisano waukulu wa zomera pa madzi, kuwala, ndi michere. Kuphatikiza apo, zotsalira za zomera zomwe zili ndi matenda zimatha kukhala gwero la matenda mu nyengo yotsatira yolima.
Kuchotsa udzu kungachitike pamanja (kuchotsa, kudula) kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zida monga makasu ndi zikwanje. M'malo akuluakulu, makina odulira udzu angagwiritsidwe ntchito. Kuti njira yosamalira chilengedwe ikhale yabwino, zinyalala za zomera zathanzi zitha kusonkhanitsidwa ndikuyikidwa manyowa. Zinyalala za zomera zodwala ziyenera kulekanitsidwa ndikuwonongedwa kuti zisafalikire tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
3. Kulima nthaka: kulima ndi kumasula
Mukamaliza kuyeretsa nthaka, thirani nthaka kuti nthaka ituluke. Cholinga cha ulimiwu ndikuwongolera mpweya wolowa m'nthaka (kuyenda bwino kwa mpweya), kuthandiza mizu kulowa, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yosungira madzi m'nthaka. Pa mlingo wochepa, kulima mpaka kuzama kwa 20–30 cm ndikokwanira. Pa mlingo waukulu, kulima nthawi zambiri kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito thirakitala kapena pulawo.
Kulima nthaka nthawi zambiri kumachitika m'magawo awiri: kulima koyamba kuti kutembenuze nthaka ndikuswa zigawo zolimba, ndipo kulima kwachiwiri kuti kuswa zipolopolo zazikulu kuti pakhale dothi labwino. Komabe, kulima sikuyenera kukhala kochuluka. Dothi lomwe limalimidwa mobwerezabwereza likhoza kukokoloka mosavuta, makamaka pamalo otsetsereka. Chifukwa chake, sinthani mphamvu ya kulima kuti igwirizane ndi momwe nthaka ilili.
4. Konzani kapangidwe ka nthaka ndi zinthu zachilengedwe
Zinthu zachilengedwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pa kasamalidwe ka nthaka kokhazikika. Manyowa okhwima, kompositi, kapena bokashi amatha kuwonjezera chonde m'nthaka, kukonza kapangidwe ka nthaka, ndikuwonjezera ntchito ya tizilombo tothandiza. Nthaka yokhala ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zambiri imakhala yofewa, yosalimba kwambiri, komanso yosunga madzi bwino.
Zinthu zachilengedwe zimayikidwa nthaka ikamalimidwa kapena ikamalimidwa kachiwiri. Ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito manyowa okhwima (osati otentha, opanda fungo lamphamvu) kuti mupewe kuwonongeka kwa mizu ndikuletsa mbewu za udzu kunyamulidwa. Mlingo wake umadalira momwe nthaka ilili, koma nthawi zambiri, minda ya ndiwo zamasamba nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito manyowa okwana 1–3 kg pa mita imodzi, omwe amasakanizidwa mofanana m'nthaka.
5. Kuthira limu ndi feteleza woyambira
Ngati zomwe zapezeka kapena mayeso a pH akusonyeza kuti nthaka ili ndi asidi wambiri, onjezerani laimu pogwiritsa ntchito dolomite kapena laimu waulimi. Kuonjezera laimu kumathandiza kukweza pH ya nthaka, kumawonjezera calcium ndi magnesium, komanso kuchepetsa poizoni wa aluminiyamu m'nthaka yokhala ndi asidi. Kuwonjezera laimu kuyenera kuchitika milungu 1-2 musanabzale kuti nthaka ikhale yolimba.
Kuphatikiza apo, ikani feteleza pansi. Feteleza pansi nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi feteleza zachilengedwe ndi/kapena zopanda chilengedwe, kutengera zosowa za chomera, monga NPK, SP-36, kapena KCl. Feteleza pansi amayikidwa musanabzalidwe ndikusakanikirana m'nthaka kuti mizu ifike mosavuta kuyambira pachiyambi cha kukula. Komabe, samalani kuti musapitirire, chifukwa izi zitha kutentha kwambiri nthaka ndikuwononga zomera zazing'ono.
6. Makonzedwe a madzi ndi ulimi wothirira
Kuthira madzi bwino kumaletsa kudzaza madzi, zomwe zingayambitse kuvunda kwa mizu ndikuyambitsa matenda. M'madera omwe nthawi zambiri kusefukira kwa madzi, pangani njira zothirira madzi kuzungulira kapena pakati pa mabedi obzala. Pa mbewu za m'munda monga tsabola, tomato, biringanya, ndi ndiwo zamasamba, mabedi nthawi zambiri amakwezedwa kuti madzi asagwirizane kuzungulira mizu.
Kumbali inayi, m'madera omwe amauma msanga, muyenera kukhazikitsa njira yothirira yoyenera. Izi zitha kuphatikizapo kuthirira ndi manja, kuthirira ndi payipi, kuthirira ndi madontho, kapena njira yaying'ono yothirira. Kusamalira madzi kuyambira pachiyambi kumathandiza kubzala mofanana komanso kuchepetsa kupsinjika kwa zomera.
7. Kupanga mabedi ndi mtunda wobzala
Bedi lokwezedwa ndi mulu wautali wa dothi womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pobzala. Cholinga cha bedi lokwezedwa ndikukonza madzi otuluka, kuchepetsa kukonza, ndikupanga malo obzala abwino. Kukula kwa bedi kumasiyana, koma nthawi zambiri kumakhala 80–120 cm mulifupi ndi 20–40 cm kutalika, kutengera mtundu wa chomera ndi momwe nthaka ilili. Mipata pakati pa bedi ndi yokwanira kusamalira ndi kuyenda kwa madzi.
Mukamaliza kubzala, dziwani mtunda woyenera wobzala. Kutalikirana koyenera kumalepheretsa zomera kupikisana ndi kuwala ndi michere, kumathandiza kuti mpweya uziyenda bwino, komanso kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda. Kutalikirana kwa zomera kumasiyana pa mbewu iliyonse, choncho ndi bwino kuyang'ana malangizo a kulima mbewu yomwe mwasankha.
8. Kuteteza udzu ndi udzu kuyambira pachiyambi
Mulch ndi chophimba pamwamba pa nthaka, chomwe chingakhale chachilengedwe (udzu, masamba ouma) kapena pulasitiki. Mulch imathandiza kusunga chinyezi m'nthaka, imaletsa kukula kwa udzu, imalimbitsa kutentha kwa nthaka, komanso imachepetsa kutayikira kwa nthaka pamasamba, zomwe zimatha kufalitsa matenda.
Ngati mulch sigwiritsidwa ntchito, kulamulira udzu kuyenera kuchitika pafupipafupi. Udzu womwe umamera msanga nthawi yobzala umawononga kwambiri chifukwa zomera zimakhala zazing'ono ndipo sizingathe kupikisana. Chifukwa chake, kusamalira bwino nthaka nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizapo njira zopewera udzu, osati kungochotsa udzu utangomera.
9. Nthawi yoyenera yokonza malo
Nthawi yokonzekera malo iyenera kusinthidwa kuti igwirizane ndi nyengo. Poyamba nyengo yamvula, nthaka imakhala yosavuta kulima chifukwa imakhala yonyowa mokwanira, koma pewani kulima ikakhala yonyowa kwambiri, chifukwa nthaka imapindika ndikuphwanyika mosavuta ikauma. Munthawi yachilimwe, kulima kungakhale kovuta kwambiri chifukwa cha nthaka yolimba, yomwe imafuna kuthirira nthawi isanakwane kapena kudikira mpaka mvula itagwa pang'ono.
Kukonzekera malo ndi bwino kuchita milungu ingapo musanabzale, makamaka ngati mukuwonjezera manyowa ndi laimu. Nthawi imeneyi imathandiza kuti zinthuzi zigwirizane ndi nthaka ndikupanga nthaka yokhazikika pamene mbande zabzalidwa.
Kutseka
Kukonzekera malo musanabzale si ntchito yoyambira yokha, komanso ndalama zogulira nyengo yonse yolima. Kumayamba ndi kuzindikira momwe nthaka ilili, kuchotsa udzu, kumasula nthaka, kuwonjezera zinthu zachilengedwe, kuyika laimu ndi feteleza woyambira, kenako kukonza njira zotulutsira madzi, mabedi, ndi njira zowongolera udzu. Ndi kukonzekera bwino, zomera zidzakula bwino, kusamalira kudzakhala kosavuta, ndipo zokolola zidzakhala zabwino kwambiri. Malo oyendetsedwa bwino adzakhalabe ndi chonde nyengo yotsatira yobzala, zomwe zimalola kuti ulimi ukhale wokhazikika.
