Njira ya Mphezi
Kupaka mafuta ndi njira yachilengedwe yomwe imasintha zinthu zachilengedwe, monga matabwa kapena mafupa, kukhala zinthu zakale kudzera mu mineralization. Njirayi imatenga nthawi yayitali kwambiri, nthawi zambiri zaka mamiliyoni ambiri, ndipo imaphatikizapo kuyika mchere womwe pang'onopang'ono umalowa m'malo mwa zinthu zoyambirira zachilengedwe pamene ukusunga kapangidwe kake koyambirira. Nkhaniyi ifufuza mozama momwe petrification imachitikira, zinthu zomwe zimaikhudza, ndi zitsanzo zake m'mbiri ya geology.
Chiyambi cha Mphezi
Mawu oti "petra" amachokera ku mawu achilatini akuti "petra," omwe amatanthauza mwala, ndi "ficare," omwe amatanthauza kupanga kapena kupanga. Kwenikweni, "petra" amatanthauza "kupanga miyala." Zipangizo zachilengedwe zomwe zimaphikidwa ndi matabwa (matabwa osungunuka) ndi fupa (fupa losungunuka), koma mitundu ina yambiri ya zinthu zachilengedwe imathanso kuchitika mwanjira imeneyi pansi pa mikhalidwe yoyenera.
Magawo a Njira ya Mphezi
Njira yopangira mphezi imaphatikizapo magawo angapo ofunikira omwe amachitika kwa nthawi yayitali kwambiri:
1. Kusunga Koyamba: Gawo loyamba pa kuteteza zinthu zachilengedwe ndi kusunga zinthu zachilengedwe poyamba. Izi nthawi zambiri zimachitika m'malo opanda mpweya wabwino, monga pansi pa matope kapena mchenga. Kusowa kwa mpweya kumachepetsa kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zachilengedwe zikhalebe bwino kwa nthawi yayitali.
2. Kuika m'manda mwachangu: Zinthu zamoyo ziyenera kuphimbidwa mwachangu ndi dothi kuti zitetezedwe ku zinthu monga kuwonongeka kwa mabakiteriya, zinthu zowononga chilengedwe, ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe. Kuika m'manda mwachangu kumalepheretsanso kukhudzidwa ndi mpweya, zomwe zingafulumizitse kuwola.
3. Kulowa kwa Mineral: Pambuyo poika m'manda, madzi apansi panthaka okhala ndi mchere wambiri amayamba kulowa m'zinthu zachilengedwe. Madzi amenewa amanyamula michere monga silica, calcite, pyrite, kapena mchere wina, kutengera kapangidwe ka mankhwala komwe kali m'malo ozungulira.
4. Kuchuluka kwa mchere: Pa siteji iyi, mchere umayamba kulowa m'mabowo ndi m'njira zazing'ono mkati mwa zinthu zachilengedwe. Njira imeneyi imadziwika kuti "permineralization," pomwe mchere wosungunuka m'madzi apansi panthaka umadzaza malo opanda kanthu mkati mwa minofu yachilengedwe.
5. Kusintha Zinthu Zachilengedwe: Pa gawo lotsatira, mchere umayamba kusintha molekyulu yoyambirira ya zinthu zachilengedwe ndi molekyulu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngakhale kapangidwe koyambirira ka zinthu zachilengedwe kamakhalabe kosasinthika, kapangidwe ka mankhwala kamasintha kwathunthu kuchoka pa zinthu zachilengedwe kupita pa zinthu zopanda chilengedwe.
6. Kupangika kwa kristalo: Nthawi zina, mchere womwe umalowa m'malo mwa zinthu zachilengedwe ukhoza kupangika, zomwe zimalimbitsa kapangidwe ka kristalo. Gawoli limatsimikizira kuti kristaloyo imakhala yolimba komanso yolimba ku kuwonongeka kapena kupsinjika kwina kwa nthaka.
Zinthu Zomwe Zimathandizira Mphezi
Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zakale kudzera mu petirification sikuchitika nthawi zonse. Zinthu zingapo zimatsimikiza ngati zinthu zachilengedwe zitha kupitirira mu petirification:
1. Kupezeka kwa Madzi Amchere: Madzi apansi panthaka okhala ndi mchere wochuluka ndi ofunikira kwambiri pa ntchito ya mphezi. Mchere womwe nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mphezi ndi monga quartz, calcite, ndi silika, zomwe zonse ziyenera kusungunuka m'madzi apansi panthaka.
2. Zinthu Zokhudza Mpweya: Kupezeka kwa mpweya wochepa kapena kusakhalapo kwa mpweya kumachedwetsa kuwola ndipo kumathandiza kusunga zinthu zachilengedwe mpaka mchere utayamba kusungunuka.
3. Malo Oika Maliro: Malo monga madera ophulika, malo otsetsereka ndi madzi osefukira, kapena nyanja nthawi zambiri amapereka malo abwino kwambiri oti zinthu zachilengedwe zisungidwe mwachangu ndikuletsa kuwonongeka kwa okosijeni.
4. Nthawi Yaitali: Njira yopangira mphezi imatenga nthawi yayitali kwambiri kuti ithe; nthawi zambiri zaka zikwi makumi ambiri mpaka mamiliyoni ambiri. Panthawiyi, mchere umakhalapo nthawi zonse ndipo umalowa m'zinthu zachilengedwe.
Zitsanzo za Milandu ya Mphezi mu Mbiri ya Zamoyo
1. Petri Forest, Arizona, USA:
Nkhalango ya Petri National Forest ku Arizona ndi imodzi mwa zitsanzo zodziwika bwino za mitengo ya petri padziko lonse lapansi. Pano, mitengo ya mitengo yochokera mu nthawi ya Triassic, pafupifupi zaka 225 miliyoni zapitazo, inaponyedwa ndi mphezi pamwala. Mitengo yakale iyi poyamba inali yokutidwa ndi phulusa la mapiri, lomwe lili ndi mchere wambiri wa silica, zomwe zinkapangitsa kuti ntchito yoponyedwa ndi mphezi ifulumire.
2. Petri Forest Chemnitz, Germany:
Chemnitz, Germany, ndi malo ena kumene mphezi zinachitikira pamlingo waukulu. Mitengo yomwe inalipo zaka pafupifupi 291 miliyoni zapitazo mu nthawi ya Permian inakumana ndi mphezi pambuyo poti yaphimbidwa ndi phulusa la mapiri lokhala ndi silica.
3. Dinosaur Bone Rock, Utah, USA:
Mafupa ambiri a dinosaur omwe amapezeka ku Boneyard Flats, Utah, akumana ndi vuto la petirification. Mafupa awa, makamaka ochokera mu nthawi ya Jurassic, akuwonetsa njira yomweyi yomwe mchere monga calcite ndi quartz zimalowa m'malo mwa mafupa oyambilira.
Zotsatira za Sayansi za Kupanga Mphezi
Njira yopangira zinthu zamoyo kukhala zamoyo imakhudza kwambiri nthaka, malo osungiramo zinthu zakale, ndi zamoyo. Zinthu zakale zomwe zimapangidwa ndi njira imeneyi zimapereka chidziwitso chofunikira kwambiri pa zamoyo zakale, momwe zinthu zinalili m'nthawi imeneyo, komanso njira zosinthira zinthu.
Mbiri ya Dziko Lapansi: Mabwinja omwe adapangidwa ndi mphezi amathandiza asayansi kukonzanso momwe zinthu zakale za padziko lapansi ndi njira zomwe zakhala zikuchitika padziko lapansi kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri.
Paleontology ndi Chisinthiko: Kusunga zinthu kumathandiza akatswiri a paleontology kuphunzira za kapangidwe ka zinthu zakale, khalidwe, ndi kusintha kwa zamoyo zakale. Kapangidwe ka zinthu zakale kamasungidwa bwino, zomwe zimathandiza kuti pakhale maphunziro olondola komanso atsatanetsatane.
Zachilengedwe ndi Kusintha kwa Nyengo: Kusanthula zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zakhala zikuwotchedwa kungapereke chidziwitso chokhudza kusintha kwa nyengo ndi momwe zinthu zilili m'chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, kuphunzira za matabwa osungidwa zakale kungawulule zambiri zokhudza nkhalango zakale komanso nyengo yomwe idathandizira.
Mapeto
Kupangidwa kwa mphezi ndi chimodzi mwa zodabwitsa zachilengedwe, kusintha zinthu zachilengedwe kukhala zinthu zakale zokhalitsa, zomwe zimatilola kuwona mwachindunji mbiri ya moyo padziko lapansi. Njirayi imafuna kuphatikiza kwapadera kwa momwe zinthu zilili komanso nthawi yambiri. Zotsatira za kupangidwa kwa mphezi sizokongola zokha kuziona komanso ndizodzaza ndi chidziwitso chomwe chimatithandiza kumvetsetsa zakale za dziko lathu lapansi. Kudzera mu kuphunzira za petri wood ndi zinthu zakale zina, titha kuyamikira ndikumvetsetsa bwino kusintha kwa nthaka ndi moyo womwe unalipo ife tisanakhalepo.
