Momwe Mungadziwire Ubwino wa Madzi Apansi pa Dziko
Madzi apansi pa nthaka ndi amodzi mwa magwero omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popereka madzi oyera, makamaka m'madera omwe alibe madzi apaipi. Mabanja ambiri amadalira zitsime zokumbidwa kapena zobowoledwa kuti amwe, kuphika, kusamba, komanso kutsuka. Komabe, si madzi onse apansi panthaka omwe ndi otetezeka kugwiritsa ntchito. Ubwino wa madzi apansi panthaka ukhoza kuchepa chifukwa cha nyengo, zochita za anthu, zinyalala zapakhomo, mafakitale, ulimi, kapena kulowerera kwa madzi a m'nyanja. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa momwe mungadziwire bwino ubwino wa madzi apansi panthaka, poyang'ana koyamba komanso poyesa labotale.
1. Kumvetsetsa magwero ndi zoopsa za kuipitsa madzi apansi panthaka
Gawo loyamba podziwa ubwino wa madzi a pansi pa nthaka ndikumvetsetsa komwe madzi amachokera komanso zoopsa zake zomwe zingachitike. Madzi a pansi pa nthaka amapangidwa kuchokera ku kulowa kwa madzi amvula, omwe amalowa pansi ndipo amasungidwa m'madzi amchere. Paulendo wawo, madzi amatha kusungunula mchere wachilengedwe monga chitsulo, manganese, kapena laimu. Izi sizimakhala zovulaza nthawi zonse, koma zimatha kusokoneza kukoma, fungo, ndi mawonekedwe a madziwo.
Chiwopsezo cha kuipitsidwa chimawonjezeka ngati chitsime chili pafupi ndi thanki yamadzi otayira zinyalala, malo otayira zinyalala zapakhomo, malo osungira ziweto, minda ya mpunga yokhala ndi feteleza wa mankhwala, kapena madera a mafakitale. Kuphatikiza apo, madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ali pachiwopsezo cha kulowa kwa madzi a m'nyanja, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi a pansi pa nthaka akhale amchere. Kujambula mapu a malo ozungulira chitsime kumathandiza kudziwiratu zomwe zingakhalepo.
2. Kuwunika thupi: mtundu, fungo, kukoma, ndi matope
Kuwunika thupi ndiyo njira yosavuta komanso yotsika mtengo kwambiri yoperekera chizindikiro msanga. Ngakhale sikungalowe m'malo mwa kuyesa kwa labotale, ndikofunikira kuti mupeze mavuto omwe akuoneka.
– Mtundu wa madzi: Madzi abwino a pansi pa nthaka nthawi zambiri amakhala oyera. Mtundu wachikasu kapena bulauni ukhoza kusonyeza kuchuluka kwa chitsulo kapena manganese. Mtundu wamtambo ukhoza kusonyeza tinthu ta dothi, matope, kapena kuipitsidwa.
– Fungo: Fungo la dzira lovunda ngati nsomba, nthaka, kapena hydrogen sulfide likhoza kusonyeza vuto la mankhwala kapena tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Fungo la zimbudzi kapena zimbudzi limasonyeza kuti pakhoza kukhala kuipitsidwa m'nyumba.
– Kukoma: Kukoma kwa mchere kungasonyeze kuti madzi a m'nyanja alowa kapena kuchuluka kwa chloride. Kukoma kowawa kapena kowawa kungakhale kogwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa mchere. Komabe, kulawa madzi osayesedwa sikuvomerezeka ngati mukukayikira kuti pali kuipitsidwa.
– Kutayikira: Madzi otayikira sikuti amangokongoletsa kokha komanso amatha kuteteza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ku majeremusi. Ngati madziwo ali ndi mitambo mvula ikagwa, pakhoza kukhala kutuluka madzi kapena madzi pamwamba pa chitsimecho kulowa.
3. Kuyeza magawo osavuta pogwiritsa ntchito zida za m'munda
Pakadali pano pali zida zambiri zosavuta zoyesera zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kunyumba kapena kumunda. Izi sizolondola ngati mayeso a labotale, koma zimathandiza ngati chida choyamba choyezera.
– pH (mlingo wa asidi): pH yachibadwa ya madzi nthawi zambiri imakhala pakati pa 6,5 ndi 8,5. Madzi omwe ali ndi asidi wambiri amatha kuyambitsa dzimbiri paipi ndikusungunula chitsulo, pomwe madzi omwe ali ndi asidi wambiri amatha kuyambitsa kukoma kosasangalatsa komanso matope.
– TDS (Zolimba Zonse Zosungunuka): TDS imasonyeza kuchuluka kwa zinthu zosungunuka monga mchere ndi mchere. TDS yochuluka ingapangitse madzi kukhala ndi kukoma kwa mchere kapena "kolemera" ndipo imasonyeza kuchuluka kwa mchere wochuluka.
– Kuyendetsa magetsi (EC): Kawirikawiri kumagwirizana ndi TDS. EC yapamwamba nthawi zambiri imapezeka m'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja kapena m'madera omwe muli mchere wambiri.
– Kutentha: Kusintha kwa kutentha kosazolowereka kungasonyeze momwe madzi pamwamba pa nthaka amakhudzira kapena momwe zitsime zimatetezedwera bwino.
Mwa kulemba zotsatira za muyeso nthawi ndi nthawi, mutha kuwona momwe zinthu zikuyendera pakusintha kwa khalidwe la madzi pakapita nthawi.
4. Mayeso a mankhwala: chitsulo, manganese, nitrate, kuuma, ndi zitsulo zolemera
Kuyesa mankhwala ndikofunikira chifukwa mankhwala ena sangadziwike ndi mawonekedwe okha. Magawo otsatirawa nthawi zambiri amayesedwa:
– Chitsulo (Fe) ndi manganese (Mn): Kuchuluka kwa madzi kumapangitsa kuti madzi asinthe kukhala achikasu, zovala zodetsedwa ndi zinthu zadothi, komanso kupanga kukoma ndi fungo. Izi nthawi zambiri sizikhala zoopsa kwambiri, koma zimatha kusokoneza ubwino wa madzi ndi kuyika kwake.
– Ma nitrate ndi ma nitrite: Nthawi zambiri amachokera ku feteleza waulimi kapena kutuluka kwa madzi mu thanki ya septic. Ma nitrate ndi owopsa kwambiri kwa makanda chifukwa angayambitse matenda a magazi (methemoglobinemia).
– Kulimba (calcium ndi magnesium): Kulimba kwambiri kumayambitsa kusonkhana kwa ziwiya zotenthetsera madzi, mapaipi ndi zipangizo zapakhomo ndipo zimapangitsa kuti sopo isapange thovu.
– Chloride ndi sulfate: Kuchuluka kwa chloride kumasonyeza kuti madzi amchere kapena kulowa m'madzi. Sulfate yambiri ingayambitse kukoma kowawa ndipo mwa anthu ena imayambitsa kusokonezeka kwa kugaya chakudya.
– Zitsulo zolemera (lead, arsenic, cadmium, mercury): Ichi ndi chizindikiro chofunikira kwambiri m'madera omwe ali pafupi ndi mafakitale, migodi, kapena malo ena a geology. Zitsulo zolemera zimakhala zoopsa ngakhale pamlingo wotsika ndipo zotsatira zake zimakhala za nthawi yayitali.
Kuyesa mankhwala kuyenera kuchitika mu labotale yovomerezeka kuti zotsatira zake zikhale zodalirika.
5. Mayeso a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda: E. coli ndi mabakiteriya a coliform
Zinthu zokhudzana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi zofunika kwambiri pamene madzi akumwa akugwiritsidwa ntchito. Chitsime chooneka choyera sichimakhala ndi mabakiteriya. Kuipitsidwa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda nthawi zambiri kumachokera ku ndowe za anthu kapena nyama.
– Total coliform: Chizindikiro chachikulu cha kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe.
– E. coli: Chizindikiro chenicheni cha kuipitsidwa kwa ndowe, komanso kupezeka kwake kumasonyeza kuti madziwo ndi osatetezeka kumwa popanda mankhwala.
Ngati zotsatira za mayeso zikupeza E. coli, madziwo ayenera kutsukidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndipo koyambira kwa kuipitsidwako kuyenera kupezeka, mwachitsanzo, chitsime chili pafupi kwambiri ndi thanki yamadzi otayira kapena chitsimecho sichinamangidwe bwino.
6. Kuwunika momwe zitsime zimagwirira ntchito komanso momwe zilili zaukhondo
Kudziwa ubwino wa madzi a pansi pa nthaka kumafuna zambiri osati kungoyesa madzi okha, komanso kufufuza momwe chitsime chilili. Nthawi zambiri kuipitsidwa kumachitika chifukwa zitsime sizikukwaniritsa miyezo ya ukhondo.
Zinthu zofunika kuzikumbukira:
– Mphepete mwa chitsimecho chiyenera kukhala chokwera kuposa pamwamba pa nthaka yozungulira kuti madzi otuluka asalowe.
- Chitsimecho chiyenera kukhala ndi pansi pomwe madzi salowa ndi ngalande kuti madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito asatayike.
– Makoma a chitsime kapena chitoliro chosungira madzi chiyenera kukhala cholimba kuti madzi asalowe pamwamba.
– Mtunda wabwino kuchokera ku matanki a septic, mapeni, kapena zitini za zinyalala uyenera kukhala wokwanira malinga ndi malangizo amderalo (nthawi zambiri ngati mtunda uli kutali ndi bwino).
Chitsime chabwino chimateteza madzi apansi panthaka kuti asaipitsidwe mwachindunji.
7. Momwe mungayezere madzi moyenera
Kulondola kwa zotsatira za mayeso kumadalira kwambiri njira yopezera zitsanzo. Pa mayeso a labotale, gwiritsani ntchito botolo lopanda poizoni kuchokera ku labotale ndipo tsatirani njira izi:
1. Siyani madziwo kwa mphindi zingapo musanamwe (makamaka ngati akuchokera ku mpopi).
2. Musakhudze mkati mwa chivundikiro kapena pakamwa pa botolo.
3. Dzazani botolo motsatira malangizo, makamaka zitsanzo za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
4. Sungani zitsanzo pamalo ozizira ndipo muzitumize ku labotale mwamsanga, chifukwa chiwerengero cha mabakiteriya chingasinthe pakapita nthawi.
Ngati zitsanzo zatengedwa mosasamala, zotsatira zake zingakhale zosayenera komanso zosokeretsa.
8. Yerekezerani ndi miyezo ya khalidwe la madzi
Mukalandira zotsatira za mayeso, yerekezerani ndi miyezo yoyenera, monga miyezo ya khalidwe la madzi oyera ndi madzi akumwa kuchokera ku mabungwe azaumoyo kapena malamulo adziko. Kuwunika khalidwe kumapitirira "kupambana" kapena "kulephera," komanso fufuzani zomwe zimapitirira malire ndi kuchuluka kwa zoopsa. Pakusamba ndi kusamba, magawo ena akhoza kukhala olekerera, koma pamadzi akumwa, zofunikira zake zimakhala zovuta kwambiri.
9. Mayankho ngati madzi apansi panthaka ndi otsika
Ngati zotsatira zake zikusonyeza vuto, njira zowongolera zimadalira mtundu wa chodetsa:
– Kuthira kwambiri: gwiritsani ntchito kusefa kwa matope.
– Chitsulo/manganese: mpweya wokwanira ndi zosefera zapadera (mchenga wa manganese, mpweya winawake wokonzedwa).
– Kulimba: chofewetsa madzi (utomoni wosinthana ma ion).
– Fungo ndi kukoma: mpweya wopangidwa ndi activated carbon kapena mpweya wopuma.
– Kuipitsidwa ndi mabakiteriya: kusakaniza chlorine, kuyeretsa UV, kapena kuwiritsa, zomwe zimaphatikizidwa ndi kukonzanso ukhondo m'zitsime.
– Nitrates/zitsulo zolemera: nthawi zambiri zimafuna ukadaulo wapadera monga reverse osmosis kapena kupeza madzi ena.
Kufunsana ndi katswiri wa zachilengedwe kapena wopereka chithandizo cha madzi kungathandize kusankha njira yoyenera kwambiri.
Kutseka
Kudziwa ubwino wa madzi apansi panthaka sikutanthauza kungoyang'ana madzi oyera okha. Kumafuna kuphatikiza kuyang'anitsitsa thupi, kuyeza kosavuta, kuwunika ukhondo wa zitsime, ndi kuyesa kwa labotale kuti mudziwe ngati pali mankhwala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mukayang'anitsitsa nthawi zonse, mutha kuonetsetsa kuti madzi apansi panthaka ndi otetezeka kugwiritsa ntchito ndikupewa zoopsa zaumoyo kwa nthawi yayitali. Madzi ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri, kotero kuonetsetsa kuti ali abwino ndi ndalama zofunika kwambiri pa thanzi la banja lanu komanso chilengedwe.
