Momwe Zolakwika Zimakhudzira Kugawa kwa Mineral
Cholakwika ndi kusweka kwa nthaka ya Dziko lapansi komwe kumatsagana ndi miyala yosuntha mbali zonse ziwiri. Mu geology yazachuma, cholakwika si "mng'alu" chabe, koma ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimazindikira komwe mchere wamtengo wapatali umayikidwa, momwe miyala imapangidwira, komanso momwe kufalikira kwawo kumasinthira kuchokera pamalo amodzi kupita kwina. Ma depositi ambiri agolide, mkuwa, lead, zinc, nickel, komanso mchere wamakampani apezeka kuti akugwirizana ndi machitidwe a zolakwika. Kuti timvetse bwino kufalikira kwa mchere, tiyenera kufufuza momwe zolakwika zimagwirira ntchito ngati njira zamadzimadzi, kapangidwe ka malo, kusintha momwe miyala imagwirira ntchito komanso momwe imagwirira ntchito, komanso ngati zomangamanga zomwe zimatha "kudula ndikusuntha" miyala.
1. Zolakwika monga njira zoyendera madzi otentha
Limodzi mwa ntchito zazikulu za zolakwika ndikuchita ngati "mapaipi" kapena njira zopititsira madzi otentha kwambiri - mayankho otentha omwe amanyamula zinthu zachitsulo kuchokera pansi. Mu miyala yosasinthika, ma porosity ndi permeability nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuyenda kwa madzi kukhale kovuta. Komabe, m'malo olakwika, miyala imasweka kwambiri, kusweka (kusweka), komanso kupangika kwa ma network osweka olumikizana. Izi zimathandizira kusamuka kwa madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zitsulo monga Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, ndi Mo zinyamulidwe kenako nkuyikidwa pamene zinthu zikusintha.
Zotsatira zake, kusungunuka kwa mchere nthawi zambiri kumapanga mapangidwe omwe amatsatira zizindikiro za zolakwika: mitsempha ya quartz yokhala ndi golide yomwe imatambasukira limodzi ndi zolakwika, madera osinthika omwe amasonkhana mozungulira zolakwika, kapena matupi a miyala "omata" ku makonde akuluakulu a zolakwika. Pofufuza, kupezeka kwa zolakwika zazitali zachigawo kungakhale chizindikiro choyambirira chakuti dera lili ndi kuthekera kwa machitidwe akuluakulu a hydrothermal.
2. Kupanga malo (malo otambalala) ngati malo osungiramo miyala yamtengo wapatali
Mineral imafuna zambiri osati zitsulo ndi madzi okha; imafunikanso malo kuti ikhazikike. Zolakwika zimatha kupanga malo osakanikirana (kukulitsa) komwe kumatsegula mabowo, kusweka, kapena ming'alu. Mwachitsanzo, m'magawo ena omwe amathyoka, magawo ena amakumana ndi "kupindika komasuka" kapena "kukwera pamwamba" (kudumpha kwa gawo), ndikupanga malo otseguka ang'onoang'ono. Malo awa amapereka malo abwino kwambiri oti mitsempha, ma hydrothermal breccias, kapena ma stockworks (ma network a mitsempha yolimba).
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, “pamene thanthwe limapindika pang’onopang’ono,” limakonda kufinya, kuchepetsa malo ndi kuchepetsa kuyenda kwa madzi. Izi zimapangitsa kuti mchere usapitirire bwino: ma grade apamwamba amatha kukhala m’magawo ena a danga, pomwe magawo ena alibe mchere wambiri.
3. Zolakwika zimalamulira kutentha, kuthamanga kwa magazi, ndi momwe zinthu zilili.
Kugwa kwa mchere kumakhala kovuta kwambiri chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kutentha, kuthamanga, pH, mchere, ndi redox (kuchepetsa okosijeni). Kulephera kumayambitsa kusinthaku kudzera m'njira zingapo:
1. Kutsika kwadzidzidzi kwa kuthamanga kwa magazi: Pamene madzi akukwera kudzera m'magawo kupita ku kuya kochepa, kuthamanga kwa magazi kumatsika. Kutsika kwa kuthamanga kwa magazi kumeneku kungayambitse madzi kuwira kapena kutulutsa mpweya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zitsulo zosungunuka zisakhazikike ndikugwa ngati mchere wa sulfide kapena golide.
2. Kusakaniza madzi: Zolakwika zimathandiza madzi otentha ochokera mkati kuti akumane ndi madzi ozizira a meteorite (madzi a pansi pa nthaka). Kusakaniza kumeneku kungasinthe pH kapena redox, zomwe zimayambitsa mvula yamchere.
3. Kuyanjana kwa miyala ya khoma: Malo olakwika nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi kusintha kwakukulu. Kuyanjana kwa madzi ndi miyala yoyandikana nayo kumatha "kuyamwa" kapena "kutulutsa" zinthu, kusintha kapangidwe ka madzi, ndikufulumizitsa kupangika kwa mchere wina.
Chifukwa chake, kufalikira kwa mchere nthawi zambiri kumakhudzana ndi kusintha kwa malo ozungulira zolakwika, monga silicification, sericitation, argillation, chloritization, kapena carbonatization.
4. Zolakwika monga olamulira a mtundu ndi kalembedwe ka madipoziti
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mineral deposits ili ndi ubale wosiyana ndi zolakwika:
– Ma depositi a Epithermal (golide-siliva): Kawirikawiri amagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi zolakwika ndi kusweka komwe kumagwira ntchito ngati njira zopititsira madzi osaya. Mitsempha ya Quartz, adularia, calcite, ndi sulfide nthawi zambiri imadzaza ma fractures m'magawo osweka.
– Porphyry ya mkuwa ndi golide: Zolakwika za m'madera zimathandiza kutsogolera kulowerera kwa magma ndi njira zamadzimadzi. Kuchuluka kwa mchere kumatha kufalikira kwambiri, koma kapangidwe kake kamayang'anirabe madera apamwamba komanso komwe kufalikira kwa zinthu zosungidwa.
– Skarn (Fe, Cu, W, Sn): Kukhudzana kwa kulowerera kwa miyala ya carbonate nthawi zambiri kumakhudzidwa ndi zolakwika zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi azilowa bwino komanso aziyenda bwino.
– Ma VMS (volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits): Ngakhale kuti zimagwirizana ndi machitidwe a volcano a pansi pa nyanja, zolakwika zimakhala ngati njira zokwerera madzi otentha kupita pansi pa nyanja, zomwe zimatsimikiza komwe kuli "malo otulukira mpweya" ndi kufalikira kwa magalasi a sulfide.
– Ma sedimentary deposits (monga, Mississippi Valley-type Pb-Zn): Zolakwika ndi kusweka kwa mabakiteriya zimathandiza kusamuka kwa madzi m'madzi ndikudziwitsa malo omwe sulfide imayikidwa m'miyala ya carbonate.
Motero, kuzindikira njira zolakwika kungathandize kuneneratu mtundu wa mchere womwe ungachitike m'dera linalake.
5. Zolakwika zimatha kudula, kusuntha, ndikubisa matupi a miyala.
Kulephera sikuti kumangopanga mineralization yokha komanso kungasokoneze kufalikira kwake pambuyo poti kwapangidwa. Ngati thupi la miyala liyamba kupangidwa, kutsatiridwa ndi ntchito yolakwika yotsatira, thupi la miyala likhoza kudulidwa ndikusunthidwa. Pa mapu a geological, mtsempha wa mchere ungawoneke ngati wasokonezedwa, pomwe kwenikweni, ukupitirira koma wasintha malo ake chifukwa cha kuyenda kwa cholakwika.
Izi zili ndi tanthauzo lalikulu pa kufufuza ndi migodi. Magulu a za nthaka ayenera kuwerengera kukula ndi komwe kudulidwa kwa cholakwa (offset) kuti "apezenso" kupitiriza kwa miyala kumbali inayo. Miyala yambiri (malo apamwamba) imatayika kwakanthawi pamlingo wina wa mgodi, koma kenako nkupezekanso pambuyo polumikizana bwino ndi kapangidwe kake.
Kuphatikiza apo, kuphwanya kwa miyala kungayambitse kukwezedwa kapena kutsika. Ngati miyala yamtengo wapatali yakwezedwa, imatha kuonekera mosavuta ndikugwa kuti ipange miyala ya laterite kapena supergene. Ngati yamira, miyala yamtengo wapatali ikhoza kuphimbidwa ndi matope ang'onoang'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti isawonekere pamwamba.
6. Zolakwika monga olamulira nyengo ndi kuchuluka kwa ma supergene
M'madera otentha, mphamvu ya kuphwanya kwa nthaka imapitirira njira zogwiritsira ntchito madzi otentha. Kuphwanya kwa nthaka kumawonjezera kusweka ndi kulowa kwa madzi m'nthaka, zomwe zimathandiza kuti madzi pamwamba alowe ndikufulumizitsa kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pa malo osungiramo zinthu monga nickel laterite, bauxite, kapena supergene copper.
Malo olakwika amatha kugwira ntchito ngati njira zoyendera madzi oxidative, kusungunula mchere woyambirira ndikuyika mchere wachiwiri pamalo enaake. Zotsatira zake, kugawa kwa kalasi kumatha kupanga malo oyima: ma oxide pamwamba, malo osinthira pakati, ndi ma sulfide oyambira pansi. Zolakwika ndi kusweka kwa madzi kumatsimikizira momwe madzi akuya angalowere komanso komwe malo ochulukira awa amakulira.
7. Zotsatirapo zenizeni pa kufufuza miyala
Popeza zolakwika zimakhudza kwambiri kugawa kwa mchere, njira zambiri zofufuzira zimayang'ana kwambiri pa mapu a kapangidwe kake. Njira zina zodziwika bwino ndi izi:
- Kujambula mapu a zolakwika ndi kusweka kwa malo (momwe zimayendera, mtundu wa zolakwika, umboni wa kuyenda).
- Kusanthula zithunzi za satellite ndi DEM kuti tipeze mizere yomwe ingasonyeze zolakwika za m'deralo.
- Geophysics (maginito, IP-resistivity, seismic) kuti izindikire malo olakwika, kusintha ndi ma sulfide obisika.
- Geochemistry kuti muwone zolakwika zomwe zimatsatira njira zolakwika.
- Kupanga chitsanzo cha 3D kuti mulosere malo oponyera miyala kutengera madera okulira, malo olumikizirana zolakwika, kapena masitepe.
Mu machitidwe ambiri, malo omwe zolakwika ziwiri zimakumana (kulumikizana) nthawi zambiri ndi malo omwe mchere umalowa kwambiri chifukwa kulowerera kwa madzi kumawonjezeka ndipo malo otseguka amakhala ambiri.
Mapeto
Zolakwika zimakhudza kufalikira kwa mchere m'njira zosiyanasiyana: zimagwira ntchito ngati njira zazikulu zokwerera madzi okhala ndi zitsulo, zimapanga malo osungiramo miyala, zimasintha momwe zinthu zimakhalira ndi mankhwala omwe amalimbikitsa mvula, zimawongolera mitundu ya miyala, ndikudula ndikuchotsa miyala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ifalikire. Ngakhale mchere utayamba kufalikira, zolakwika zimapitilizabe kugwira ntchito pofulumizitsa kuwonongeka kwa nyengo ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwa ma supergene. Chifukwa chake, kumvetsetsa kapangidwe ka zolakwika ndikofunikira kwambiri potanthauzira njira zogawa mchere, kuchepetsa zoopsa zofufuzira, ndikupanga njira zogwirira ntchito bwino zogwirira ntchito.
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kusintha nkhaniyi kuti igwirizane ndi nkhani ya ku Indonesia (monga zitsanzo za ma epithermal agolide m'ma arcs a volcano, copper-gold porphyries, kapena nickel laterites) kapena kuwonjezera zithunzi za malingaliro monga kumasula kupindika, kukwera pamwamba, ndi ore body offset.
