Dongosolo la Zachuma Padziko Lonse ndi Malo Ake
Dongosolo lazachuma padziko lonse lapansi ndi netiweki yayikulu yolumikiza kupanga, kugawa, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito katundu ndi mautumiki m'maiko osiyanasiyana. Netiweki iyi siyiyima yokha: imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi momwe zinthu zilili m'malo osiyanasiyana—malo, nyengo, zachilengedwe, mawonekedwe a nthaka, mwayi wofikira panyanja, kuchuluka kwa anthu, komanso zoopsa za masoka. Geography imapatsa dera lililonse ubwino wosiyana, pomwe chitukuko chaukadaulo ndi kufalikira kwa dziko lonse lapansi zimagwirizanitsa kusiyana kumeneku mkati mwa dongosolo limodzi lazachuma padziko lonse lapansi. Nkhaniyi ikuwunika momwe chuma cha padziko lonse chimagwirira ntchito komanso momwe zinthu zapadziko lonse zimapangira mawonekedwe ake ofunikira.
1. Chidule cha dongosolo la zachuma padziko lonse lapansi
Mwachidule, chuma cha dziko lonse chimapangidwa ndi zochitika zachuma m'madera, m'dziko, m'madera, komanso padziko lonse lapansi. Mayiko amadalirana pa malonda apadziko lonse, ndalama, kuyenda kwa ndalama, kusamuka kwa antchito, komanso kusamutsa ukadaulo. M'dongosololi, pali anthu angapo ofunikira: mayiko (kudzera mu ndondomeko zandalama, zachuma, ndi malamulo), makampani apadziko lonse lapansi (omwe amalamulira maunyolo ogulitsa katundu kudutsa malire), mabungwe azachuma padziko lonse lapansi (mabanki, misika yayikulu), ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi (WTO, IMF, World Bank, ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana amalonda).
Kachitidwe ka ubale wapadziko lonse kasintha pakapita nthawi. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, kuchira kwachuma ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi kunalimbitsa malonda apadziko lonse lapansi. Kulowa mu nthawi yamakono, kufalikira kwa kupanga padziko lonse lapansi kunabuka: zigawo za chinthu zimatha kupangidwa m'maiko osiyanasiyana, kenako nkusonkhanitsidwa m'maiko ena, ndikugulitsidwa padziko lonse lapansi. Zotsatira zake, malo omwe mafakitale, madoko, malo oyendetsera zinthu, ndi mizinda yamafakitale akhala gawo lofunikira kwambiri pamapu azachuma padziko lonse lapansi.
2. Udindo wa malo ozungulira dziko pakupanga kukhala apamwamba pazachuma
Dziko lapansi limakhudza chuma kudzera m'njira zitatu zazikulu: chuma, kupezeka mosavuta, ndi momwe zinthu zilili.
Choyamba, zachilengedwe. Kupezeka kwa mafuta, gasi, malasha, mchere wofunikira (nickel, cobalt), nthaka yachonde, kapena madzi okhala ndi nsomba zambiri kumakhudza kwambiri chuma cha derali. Mwachitsanzo, mayiko a ku Gulf amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kupezeka kwa mafuta ndi gasi. Mayiko angapo otentha omwe ali ndi nthaka yachonde komanso nyengo yabwino yolima chaka chonse ndi omwe amapereka zakudya kapena minda.
Chachiwiri, kupezeka mosavuta. Mayiko omwe ali ndi gombe lalikulu, madoko achilengedwe, komanso pafupi ndi misewu yotumizira katundu padziko lonse lapansi nthawi zambiri amakhala ogwirizana mosavuta ndi misika yapadziko lonse lapansi. Ndalama zoyendera zimakhala zochepa, katundu amayenda mofulumira, ndipo malonda ndi opikisana kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mayiko omwe alibe njira yolowera panyanja (yotsekedwa ndi nyanja) nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi ndalama zambiri zoyendetsera katundu chifukwa amadalira mayiko oyandikana nawo kuti apeze njira zolowera padoko.
Chachitatu, momwe chilengedwe chilili komanso zoopsa zake. Nyengo imakhudza zokolola zaulimi, kupezeka kwa madzi, komanso ndalama zamagetsi (monga kuzizira kapena kutentha). Zoopsa za masoka monga zivomerezi, kusefukira kwa madzi, mphepo zamkuntho, kapena chilala zimatha kukhudza zisankho zoyika ndalama komanso ndalama zoyendetsera zomangamanga. Mwanjira ina, "mapu owopsa" ndi mapu azachuma.
3. Malo osungira chuma padziko lonse lapansi ndi njira zawo zogawira
M'malo mwake, malo ofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi amakhala m'madera omwe ali ndi: anthu ambiri, mizinda yambiri, zomangamanga zapamwamba, komanso mwayi wochita malonda apadziko lonse lapansi.
North America (makamaka United States) idapanga likulu la zachuma m'mphepete mwa nyanja kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo, ndi mizinda ikuluikulu monga New York ndi Los Angeles komanso likulu la ukadaulo la Silicon Valley. Kumadzulo kwa Europe kudakula kudzera mu netiweki ya mizinda yamafakitale ndi madoko—Rotterdam ndi Hamburg, komanso madera amafakitale ku Germany ndi France—olumikizidwa ndi zomangamanga zolimba zapamtunda ndi zapanyanja.
Kum'mawa kwa Asia ndi chitsanzo champhamvu cha kugwirizana kwa malo ndi mfundo zachuma. Japan, South Korea, makamaka China adagwiritsa ntchito malo awo a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, madoko akuluakulu, ndi madera a mafakitale kuti akhale maziko opanga zinthu padziko lonse lapansi. Kuphatikiza apo, Kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia kudakula ngati likulu la malonda ndi mafakitale, makamaka pafupi ndi njira zoyendera zombo monga Strait of Malacca.
Kumbali ina, mayiko ambiri ku Africa ndi madera ena a South Asia akukumana ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi kupezeka mosavuta, zomangamanga zochepa, komanso zotsatira za kusintha kwa nyengo. Komabe, madera awa ali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kudzera mu magawo a anthu, migodi, ndi mwayi wamagetsi obwezerezedwanso.
4. Malonda apadziko lonse lapansi ndi njira zamakono zoyendetsera dziko
Malonda apadziko lonse lapansi amadalira njira zomwe "zimatseka" kayendedwe ka katundu. Makhoma ndi ngalande ndi malo ofunikira kwambiri, monga Strait of Malacca, Suez Canal, Panama Canal, ndi Strait of Hormuz. Zikasokonekera pamalo awa—mikangano, umbava, kugwa kwa sitima, kapena mfundo zoletsa—zotsatira zake zimadza chifukwa cha mitengo yamagetsi, ndalama zotumizira, komanso kukhazikika kwa zinthu padziko lonse lapansi.
Kuwonjezera pa njira zapanyanja, njira zapamtunda ndizofunikiranso, monga netiweki ya sitima ya trans-Eurasian, mapaipi amagetsi, ndi mapulojekiti omanga nyumba odutsa malire. Malo achilengedwe angapereke phindu lazachuma kudzera mu ntchito zamadoko, kusunga zinthu, mayendedwe, ndi kutumizanso kunja.
5. Unyolo wopezera zinthu padziko lonse lapansi: kuyambira malo opangira zinthu zopangira ...
Chinthu chimodzi chamakono—foni yam'manja, galimoto, kapena kompyuta—chimachokera ku unyolo wopereka zinthu padziko lonse lapansi. Zipangizo zopangira monga lithiamu, nickel, mkuwa, ndi bauxite zimapezeka m'deralo; zida zamagetsi zimapangidwa m'magulu amakampani apamwamba; kusonkhana nthawi zambiri kumakhala pakati pa madera omwe ndalama zogwirira ntchito zimakwera komanso zomangamanga zolimba zotumizira kunja; ndipo kugawidwa kumachitika kudzera m'madoko akuluakulu ndi malo olumikizirana zinthu.
Kachitidwe aka kakusonyeza kuti malo a mafakitale samangodalira zinthu zokha, komanso kuyandikira kwa misika, malamulo, kukhazikika kwa ndale, kupezeka kwa antchito aluso, komanso zosowa zamagetsi. Chifukwa chake, mayiko ena asintha bwino kuchoka ku ogulitsa zinthu zopangira kupita ku malo opangira zinthu kapena malo operekera chithandizo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wambiri, pomwe ena akupitilizabe kudalira zinthu zofunika kwambiri.
6. Kukula kwa mizinda, mizinda yapadziko lonse, ndi kusalingana kwa madera
Kukula kwa mizinda ndi chinthu champhamvu kwambiri pa chuma chamakono cha dziko. Mizinda ikuluikulu ndi malo ofunikira ndalama, ntchito, ndi luso latsopano. Mu chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe, kusonkhana kwachuma—kuchuluka kwa mafakitale, mautumiki, mayunivesite, ndi maukonde amalonda—kumapangitsa mizinda kukhala yopindulitsa kwambiri. Izi zapangitsa kuti pakhale “mizinda yapadziko lonse lapansi” yomwe imagwira ntchito ngati malo ochitira zachuma, malonda, ndi chikhalidwe, monga London, New York, Tokyo, Shanghai, Singapore, ndi Dubai.
Komabe, kuchulukana kumeneku kumabweretsanso kusalingana kwa malo. Malo amkati kapena akutali nthawi zambiri amakhala otsalira pankhani ya zomangamanga ndi mwayi wantchito. M'maiko ambiri, kusiyana pakati pa madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi malonda apadziko lonse lapansi ndi malo olima kwambiri kumabweretsa vuto la chitukuko. Kusalingana kumeneku kumathandizira kusamuka kwa anthu m'dziko, mavuto a nyumba, komanso kusintha kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka nthaka.
7. Kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kusintha kwa chuma cha dziko lonse
Kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kusintha kwatsopano komwe kukukhudza kwambiri chuma cha dziko lonse. Kukwera kwa kutentha, kusintha kwa nyengo, kukwera kwa madzi m'nyanja, ndi kuwonjezeka kwa nyengo zoopsa zikukhudza ulimi, usodzi, inshuwaransi, mayendedwe, ndi thanzi la anthu. Mizinda ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja yomwe ndi malo ochitira malonda padziko lonse ikukumana ndi chiopsezo cha kusefukira kwa madzi ndi mphepo yamkuntho. Madera ouma akukumana ndi vuto la madzi lomwe lingayambitse mikangano ndi kusamuka.
Pa nthawi yomweyo, kusintha kwa chuma chotsika mpweya kukuchitika. Mayiko ndi makampani akuthamanga kuti apange mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso (dzuwa, mphepo, madzi, kutentha kwa dziko), magalimoto amagetsi, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu. Izi zikusintha momwe chuma cha mchere chimakhalira: kufunikira kwa nickel, cobalt, mkuwa, ndi lithiamu kukukulirakulira. Mayiko omwe ali ndi zinthuzi komanso omwe ali ndi luso lopanga zinthu ndi kupanga zinthu ali ndi mwayi wopeza malo abwino pachuma chamtsogolo.
8. Mapeto
Dongosolo la zachuma padziko lonse lapansi silingamvetsetsedwe popanda malo. Malo, mwayi wopezeka panyanja, zinthu zomwe zilipo, nyengo, ndi zoopsa za masoka zimapangitsa kuti dziko likhale ndi mphamvu komanso zofooka zake zachuma. Mu nthawi ya kufalikira kwa dziko lonse lapansi, zinthu izi zimagwirizanitsidwa kudzera mu malonda, ndalama, ndi unyolo wopereka zinthu, zomwe zimathandiza kuti zochitika m'dera lina la dziko lapansi zikhudze mitengo ndi zinthu zina.
Kumvetsetsa ubale pakati pa zachuma ndi malo ozungulira dziko kumatithandiza kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake malo opangira mafakitale amaonekera m'madera ena, chifukwa chake njira zoyendera sitima zimakhala zanzeru, chifukwa chake pali kusiyana kwa madera, komanso momwe kusintha kwa nyengo kudzasinthiranso chuma cha padziko lonse. Pomaliza, vuto lalikulu ndi momwe mayiko amayendetsera bwino kuthekera kwawo kwa malo ozungulira dziko mokhazikika—kumanga zomangamanga, kulimbitsa anthu, kuteteza chilengedwe, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti phindu la zachuma likufalikira mofanana m'madera onse.
